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# Step by step to generate sample self-signed X.509 certificate chain and sign data with PKCS7 structure
This readme demonstrates how to generate 3-layer X.509 certificate chain (RootCA -> IntermediateCA -> SigningCert) with OpenSSL commands, and user MUST set a UNIQUE Subject Name ("Common Name") on these three different certificates.
## How to generate a self-signed X.509 certificate chain via OPENSSL
* Set OPENSSL environment.
NOTE: Below steps are required for Windows. Linux may already have the OPENSSL environment correctly.
set OPENSSL_HOME=c:\home\openssl\openssl-[version]
set OPENSSL_CONF=%OPENSSL_HOME%\apps\openssl.cnf
When a user uses OpenSSL (req or ca command) to generate the certificates, OpenSSL will use the openssl.cnf file as the configuration data (can use “-config path/to/openssl.cnf” to describe the specific config file).
The user need check the openssl.cnf file, to find your CA path setting, e.g. check if the path exists in [ CA_default ] section.
[ CA_default ]
dir = ./demoCA # Where everything is kept
You may need the following steps for initialization:
rd ./demoCA /S/Q
mkdir ./demoCA
echo "" > ./demoCA/index.txt
echo 01 > ./demoCA/serial
mkdir ./demoCA/newcerts
* Generate the certificate chain:
NOTE: User MUST set a UNIQUE "Common Name" on the different certificate
1) Generate the Root Pair:
Generate a root key:
openssl genrsa -aes256 -out TestRoot.key 2048
Generate a self-signed root certificate:
openssl req -new -x509 -days 3650 -key TestRoot.key -out TestRoot.crt
openssl x509 -in TestRoot.crt -out TestRoot.cer -outform DER
openssl x509 -inform DER -in TestRoot.cer -outform PEM -out TestRoot.pub.pem
2) Generate the Intermediate Pair:
Generate the intermediate key:
openssl genrsa -aes256 -out TestSub.key 2048
Generate the intermediate certificate:
openssl req -new -days 3650 -key TestSub.key -out TestSub.csr
openssl ca -extensions v3_ca -in TestSub.csr -days 3650 -out TestSub.crt -cert TestRoot.crt -keyfile TestRoot.key
openssl x509 -in TestSub.crt -out TestSub.cer -outform DER
openssl x509 -inform DER -in TestSub.cer -outform PEM -out TestSub.pub.pem
3) Generate User Key Pair for Data Signing:
Generate User key:
openssl genrsa -aes256 -out TestCert.key 2048
Generate User certificate:
openssl req -new -days 3650 -key TestCert.key -out TestCert.csr
openssl ca -in TestCert.csr -days 3650 -out TestCert.crt -cert TestSub.crt -keyfile TestSub.key`
openssl x509 -in TestCert.crt -out TestCert.cer -outform DER
openssl x509 -inform DER -in TestCert.cer -outform PEM -out TestCert.pub.pem
Convert Key and Certificate for signing. Password is removed with -nodes flag for convenience in this sample.
openssl pkcs12 -export -out TestCert.pfx -inkey TestCert.key -in TestCert.crt
openssl pkcs12 -in TestCert.pfx -nodes -out TestCert.pem
* Verify Data Signing & Verification with new X.509 Certificate Chain
1) Sign a Binary File to generate a detached PKCS7 signature:
openssl smime -sign -binary -signer TestCert.pem -outform DER -md sha256 -certfile TestSub.pub.pem -out test.bin.p7 -in test.bin
2) Verify PKCS7 Signature of a Binary File:
openssl smime -verify -inform DER -in test.bin.p7 -content test.bin -CAfile TestRoot.pub.pem -out test.org.bin
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