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-Foreword to the First Edition {#foreword-to-the-first-edition .unnumbered}
-=============================
+## 第一版序言
 
-第一版序言
-===========
+>Copyright © 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\
 
-@firstcopyingnotice{{Copyright © 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\
- {This foreword was originally published, in 2002, as the introduction
-to the first edition. This, the original version, is part of
-@fsfsthreecite}
-
-Every generation has its philosopher—a writer or an
-artist who captures the imagination of a time. Sometimes these
-philosophers are recognized as such; often it takes generations before
-the connection is made real. But recognized or not, a time gets marked
-by the people who speak its ideals, whether in the whisper of a poem, or
-the blast of a political movement.
-
-每一个时代都有引领时代发展的哲学家——也许是一个作家亦或一个艺术家。有时这些人家喻户晓，有些则是需要几代人的努力将其理念变为现实。无论是否为人熟知，一个时代正是因为有了这些抒发理想的人才能铭记史册，他们或是盈盈细语于诗歌，或是揭竿而起于政治运动。
-
-Our generation has a philosopher. He is not an artist, or a professional
-writer. He is a programmer. Richard Stallman began his work in the labs
-of MIT, as a programmer and architect building operating system
-software. He has built his career on a stage of public life, as a
-programmer and an architect founding a movement for freedom in a world
-increasingly defined by “code.”
+每一个时代都有引领时代发展的哲学家——也许是一个作家亦或一个艺术家。有时这些人家喻户晓，有些则是需要几代人的努力将其理念变为现实。无论是否为人熟知，一个时代会为这些抒发理想的人留下印记，他们或是盈盈细语于诗歌，或是揭竿而起于政治运动。
 
 我们这个时代有一位哲学家。他不是艺术家，也不是专职作家。他是一位程序员。理查德·斯托曼（Richard Stallman）是 MIT 的程序员以及操作系统架构师。作为程序员和架构师，他创立了一项在这个日益由“代码”决定的世界里争取自由的运动，从此开始了他在大众生活舞台上的职业生涯。
 
-“Code” is the technology that makes computers run. Whether inscribed in
-software or burned in hardware, it is the collection of instructions,
-first written in words, that directs the functionality of machines.
-These machines—computers—increasingly define and control our life. They
-determine how phones connect, and what runs on TV. They decide whether
-video can be streamed across a broadband link to a computer. They
-control what a computer reports back to its manufacturer. These machines
-run us. Code runs these machines.
-
-“代码”是使计算机运行的技术。无论是软件或者烧在硬件上，都是由一系列指挥机器运行的写成文字的指令组成。这些机器——计算机日益定义并控制了我们的生活。它们决定了电话如何接通，电视上播什么节目；它们决定了视频是否能够通过视频流传到计算机上；它们也控制了计算机汇报给其制造商哪些信息。这些机器为我们服务，而代码控制这些机器。
+“代码”是一项使计算机运行的技术。无论是写在软件里或者烧在硬件上，都是由一系列指挥机器运行的写成文字的指令组成。这些机器——计算机日益定义并控制了我们的生活。它们决定了电话如何接通，电视上播什么节目；它们决定了视频是否能够通过视频流传到计算机上；它们也控制了计算机汇报给其制造商哪些信息。这些机器为我们服务，而代码控制这些机器。
 
-What control should we have over this code? What understanding? What
-freedom should there be to match the control it enables? What power?
-
-我们应该如何控制这些代码？怎么理解它们？又有什么与之相适应的自由控制？有什么样的权力？
-
-These questions have been the challenge of Stallman’s life. Through his
-works and his words, he has pushed us to see the importance of keeping
-code “free.” Not free in the sense that code writers don’t get paid, but
-free in the sense that the control coders build be transparent to all,
-and that anyone have the right to take that control, and modify it as he
-or she sees fit. This is “free software”; “free software” is one answer
-to a world built in code.
+我们应该如何控制这些代码？怎么理解它们？启用控制时应该有什么自由与之匹配？有什么样的权力？
 
 这些问题也挑战着斯托曼的生活。通过他及他的作品，他让我们明白代码“自由”的重要性。这里的 free 并非表示写代码的人不能得到报偿，而是意味着程序员将代码透明给所有人，任何人都可以控制代码，并按照自己的需求修改。这就是“自由软件”；“自由软件”为这个由代码构成的世界做了回答。
 
-“Free.” Stallman laments the ambiguity in his own term. There’s nothing
-to lament. Puzzles force people to think, and this term “free” does this
-puzzling work quite well. To modern American ears, “free software”
-sounds utopian, impossible. Nothing, not even lunch, is free. How could
-the most important words running the most critical machines running the
-world be “free.” How could a sane society aspire to such an ideal?
-
-"Free"，斯托曼在解释这个词的时候颇有怨言。然而这并没有什么怨言，模糊的概念迫使人们去思考，"Free"这个词着实足够启发思考。对当代美国人而言，“自由软件”听起了像是乌托邦，完全无法实现的，空洞的，甚至连午餐，也是免费的。那些控制世界上最重要机器的代码怎么能是“免费的”。一个理性的社会怎么能主张这样的理想？
-
-Yet the odd clink of the word “free” is a function of us, not of the
-term. “Free” has different senses, only one of which refers to “price.”
-A much more fundamental sense of “free” is the “free,” Stallman says, in
-the term “free speech,” or perhaps better in the term “free labor.” Not
-free as in costless, but free as in limited in its control by others.
-Free software is control that is transparent, and open to change, just
-as free laws, or the laws of a “free society,” are free when they make
-their control knowable, and open to change. The aim of Stallman’s “free
-software movement” is to make as much code as it can transparent, and
-subject to change, by rendering it “free.”
-
-但“free”一次的奇怪意思只是对我们而言，而不是这个词汇本身。Free 一词有很多意思，只有一个是表示免费。更多的则表示是自由。斯托曼说，这个词与“言论自由”或更好的表达“自由劳动”更恰当，并不是表示没有花费，而是没有被他人控制和限制。
-
-The mechanism of this rendering is an extraordinarily clever device
-called “copyleft” implemented through a license called GPL. Using the
-power of copyright law, “free software” not only assures that it remains
-open, and subject to change, but that other software that takes and uses
-“free software” (and that technically counts as a “derivative”) must
-also itself be free. If you use and adapt a free software program, and
-then release that adapted version to the public, the released version
-must be as free as the version it was adapted from. It must, or the law
-of copyright will be violated.
+"Free"，斯托曼在解释这个词的时候颇有怨言。然而这并没有什么可悲叹的，模糊的概念迫使人们去思考，"Free"这个词着实足够启发思考。对当代美国人而言，“自由软件”听起来像是乌托邦，完全无法实现的，空洞的，甚至连午餐，也是免费的。那些控制世界上最重要机器的代码怎么能是“免费的”。一个理性的社会怎么能主张这样的理想？
 
-这种机制通过一种“copyleft”模式的 GPL 许可证得以体现。基于 copyleft 条款赋予的权力，“自由软件”不仅仅是开放的，更保证了修改自由，且其他使用自由软件（技术上称为“派生”）的也必须是自由的。如果你使用了一个自由软件程序，并公开发布了修改版，那么修改版也和原版一样是自由的。这是必须的，否则会违反版权法。
+但“free”一次的奇怪意思只是对我们而言，而不是这个词汇本身。Free 一词有很多意思，只有一个是表示免费。更多的则表示是自由。斯托曼说，把它称为“言论自由”，或者更准确地说是“自由劳动”较为恰当，并不是表示没有花费，而是没有被他人控制和限制。
 
-“Free software,” like free societies, has its enemies. Microsoft has
-waged a war against the GPL, warning whoever will listen that the GPL is
-a “dangerous” license. The dangers it names, however, are largely
-illusory. Others object to the “coercion” in GPL’s insistence that
-modified versions are also free. But a condition is not coercion. If it
-is not coercion for Microsoft to refuse to permit users to distribute
-modified versions of its product Office without paying it (presumably)
-millions, then it is not coercion when the GPL insists that modified
-versions of free software be free too.
+这种机制通过一种“copyleft”模式的 GPL 许可证得以体现。基于 copyleft 条款赋予的权力，“自由软件”不仅仅是开放的，更保证了修改自由，且其他使用自由软件（技术上称为“派生”）的也必须是自由的。如果你使用了一个自由软件程序，并公开发布了修改版，那么修改版也和原版一样是自由的。这是必须的，否则会违反版权法。
 
 “自由软件”与自由社会一样，也有其敌人。微软发起了针对 GPL 的战争，警告所有人 GPL 是一种“危险的”许可证。事实上，它说的危险性很大程度上是欺骗性的。还有反对者认为 GPL “强迫”修改版也必须是自由的。光看这一条不能判断是否强迫。微软拒绝允许用户发布修改过的 Office 软件而不需要支付（假设）数百万的费用，如果这还不是强迫的话，那么 GPL 坚持的修改自自由软件的软件也必须是自由的，也不是强迫。
 
-And then there are those who call Stallman’s message too extreme. But
-extreme it is not. Indeed, in an obvious sense, Stallman’s work is a
-simple translation of the freedoms that our tradition crafted in the
-world before code. “Free software” would assure that the world governed
-by code is as “free” as our tradition that built the world before code.
-
 有些人认为斯托曼的言论太过极端，然者并不极端。事实上，显而易见的，斯托曼的作品只是将代码出现之前世界的自由简单翻译过来了。“自由软件”能确保代码世界的秩序与之前的传统是一样“自由的”。
 
-For example: A “free society” is regulated by law. But there are limits
-that any free society places on this regulation through law: No society
-that kept its laws secret could ever be called free. No government that
-hid its regulations from the regulated could ever stand in our
-tradition. Law controls. But it does so justly only when visibly. And
-law is visible only when its terms are knowable and controllable by
-those it regulates, or by the agents of those it regulates (lawyers,
-legislatures).
-
 比如：一个“自由的社会”是由法律来规范的。然而任何自由社会的法律对这些都有限制：没有自由社会可以用秘密法律。在传统上没有政府可以对其治理的对象隐藏规范。法律能够起效，只在其公平公开的情况下才可以。只有法律规范的对象对法律可知可控才能是可见，或者是规范对象的代理人（律师或立法者）。
 
-This condition on law extends beyond the work of a legislature. Think
-about the practice of law in American courts. Lawyers are hired by their
-clients to advance their clients’ interests. Sometimes that interest is
-advanced through litigation. In the course of this litigation, lawyers
-write briefs. These briefs in turn affect opinions written by judges.
-These opinions decide who wins a particular case, or whether a certain
-law can stand consistently with a constitution.
-
 法律的这种状况超出了立法者的工作。来想想美国法院的司法实践吧。当事人雇用律师来提升其利益，有时候这种利益通过诉讼得以提升。在诉讼过程中，律师写出诉讼状，这些诉讼状反过来影响法官写下的意见。这些意见决定谁能够在案件中获胜，或者某法律条文是否符合宪法的精神。
 
-All the material in this process is free in the sense that Stallman
-means. Legal briefs are open and free for others to use. The arguments
-are transparent (which is different from saying they are good) and the
-reasoning can be taken without the permission of the original lawyers.
-The opinions they produce can be quoted in later briefs. They can be
-copied and integrated into another brief or opinion. The “source code”
-for American law is by design, and by principle, open and free for
-anyone to take. And take lawyers do—for it is a measure of a great brief
-that it achieves its creativity through the reuse of what happened
-before. The source is free; creativity and an economy is built upon it.
-
-这个过程中的所有材料都符合斯托曼所说的自由。诉讼简报是公开的，别人可以自由使用。论据是透明的（不等于说就是好的），论证过程也无需原律师的允许就可以拿走。法官意见可以在之后的诉讼摘要里引用，并可以复制或综合到别的诉讼简报或意见中。美国法律的“源代码”在设计上和原则上，对任何使用它的人都是开放和自由的。拿律师来说，借由重复使用之前案件的材料，律师发挥了创造力，可以作出最佳的诉讼简报。原始资料是自由的，创新和经济在其上建立。
-
-This economy of free code (and here I mean free legal code) doesn’t
-starve lawyers. Law firms have enough incentive to produce great briefs
-even though the stuff they build can be taken and copied by anyone else.
-The lawyer is a craftsman; his or her product is public. Yet the
-crafting is not charity. Lawyers get paid; the public doesn’t demand
-such work without price. Instead this economy flourishes, with later
-work added to the earlier.
+这个过程中的所有材料都符合斯托曼所说的自由。诉讼简报是公开的，别人可以自由使用。论据是透明的（不等于说就是好的），论证过程也无需原律师的允许就可以拿走。法官意见可以在之后的诉讼摘要里引用，并可以复制或综合到别的诉讼简报或意见中。美国法律的“源代码”在设计上和原则上，对任何使用它的人都是开放和自由的。拿律师来说，借由重复使用之前案件的材料，律师发挥了创造力，可以作出最佳的诉讼简报。原始资料是自由的，创新和经济都是在其上建立的。
 
 自由代码（这里指法律代码）的经济并没有扼杀律师。尽管任何人都可以使用和复制他们做成的东西，律师事务所仍然有足够动机来作出好的诉讼简报。律师也是手艺人，他或她的产品是公开的。但是这种工艺不是慈善行为。律师能得到收入，公众没有不给他们工作报酬。相反，这种经济能够蓬勃发展恰是因为之后的工作可以弥补前面的。
 
-We could imagine a legal practice that was different—briefs and
-arguments that were kept secret; rulings that announced a result but not
-the reasoning. Laws that were kept by the police but published to no one
-else. Regulation that operated without explaining its rule.
-
 我们来设想一种不同的法律实践——案情和证据都是保密的，判决只有结果而没有论证，法律只有警方把持而其他人看不到，法规条令也不经解释。
 
-We could imagine this society, but we could not imagine calling it
-“free.” Whether or not the incentives in such a society would be better
-or more efficiently allocated, such a society could not be known as
-free. The ideals of freedom, of life within a free society, demand more
-than efficient application. Instead, openness and transparency are the
-constraints within which a legal system gets built, not options to be
-added if convenient to the leaders. Life governed by software code
-should be no less.
-
 我们尽可以设想这样的社会，但却不能称其为“自由”。无论是否有更好的动机，或更有效率的分配，这样的社会都无法认为是自由的。自由社会中的自由生活理想并不仅仅只是高效的分配。而是在开放和透明的前提下建立法律的限制，不能因为对领导人有利就加入相应的选项。由软件代码治理的生活也不能比这个更差。
 
-Code writing is not litigation. It is better, richer, more productive.
-But the law is an obvious instance of how creativity and incentives do
-not depend upon perfect control over the products created. Like jazz, or
-novels, or architecture, the law gets built upon the work that went
-before. This adding and changing is what creativity always is. And a
-free society is one that assures that its most important resources
-remain free in just this sense.
-
 编写代码不是诉讼。它更好，更丰富也更有建设性。创造性和动机并不依赖于创作产品的完全控制，法律就是一个明显的例子。类似爵士乐、小说或者建筑，法律条文是基于既有的基础而建立的。这种增补和改变一直是创新的体现。一个自由的社会必须保证其最重要的资源一直是自由的，这才像话。
 
-This book collects the writing and lectures of Richard Stallman in a
-manner that will make their subtlety and power clear. The essays span a
-wide range, from copyright to the history of the free software movement.
-They include many arguments not well known, and among these, an
-especially insightful account of the changed circumstances that render
-copyright in the digital world suspect. They will serve as a resource
-for those who seek to understand the thought of this most powerful
-man—powerful in his ideas, his passion, and his integrity, even if
-powerless in every other way. They will inspire others who would take
-these ideas, and build upon them.
-
-这本书首次以微妙而明确权力的方式，收录了理查德·斯托曼的著作和演讲。这些文章跨度很大，从版权到自由软件运动的历史，包含可许多不为人知的论据，这其中他还很有见地的解释了情况的变化，会使人们成为数字世界版权的嫌疑犯。这些都将成为理解他思想的源泉，理解他的激情和他的正直，即使其他方面都不及此。这些文章将会启发那些接受他的理念并发扬光大的人们。
-
-I don’t know Stallman well. I know him well enough to know he is a hard
-man to like. He is driven, often impatient. His anger can flare at
-friend as easily as foe. He is uncompromising and persistent; patient in
-both.
-
-我并不十分了解斯托曼，但我很清楚他是一个严厉的人。他求胜心切，常常不耐烦。他对朋友可以像对敌人一样火冒三丈。他也很强硬不屈不挠，但却也很有耐心。
-
-Yet when our world finally comes to understand the power and danger of
-code—when it finally sees that code, like laws, or like government, must
-be transparent to be free—then we will look back at this uncompromising
-and persistent programmer and recognize the vision he has fought to make
-real: the vision of a world where freedom and knowledge survives the
-compiler. And we will come to see that no man, through his deeds or
-words, has done as much to make possible the freedom that this next
-society could have.
-
-当我们的世界最终理解了代码的威力和危险，终于认识到代码和法律、政府一样，必须透明才能获得自由时，不妨回首看着这位强硬不屈不挠的程序员，会发现到他终身奋斗的景象终于实现：自由和知识可以在编译器下幸存。我们会认识到没有人能像斯托曼这样，可以为社会获得自由而奋斗和发声。
-
-We have not earned that freedom yet. We may well fail in securing it.
-But whether we succeed or fail, in these essays is a picture of what
-that freedom could be. And in the life that produced these words and
-works, there is inspiration for anyone who would, like Stallman, fight
-to create this freedom.
+这本书以一种使之更微妙且权力更明确的方式，收录了理查德·斯托曼的著作和演讲。这些文章跨度很大，从版权到自由软件运动的历史，包含了许多不为人知的论据，这其中他还很有见地的解释了情况的变化，会使人们成为数字世界版权的嫌疑犯。这些都将成为理解他思想的源泉，理解他的激情和他的正直，即使其他方面都不及此。这些文章将会启发那些接受他的理念并将之发扬光大的人们。
+
+我并不十分了解斯托曼，但我很清楚他是一个严厉的人。他求胜心切，常常不耐烦。他对朋友可以像对敌人一样火冒三丈。他很强硬，不屈不挠，但却也很有耐心。
+
+当我们的世界最终理解了代码的威力和危险，终于认识到代码和法律、政府一样，必须透明才能获得自由时，不妨回首看着这位强硬且不屈不挠的程序员，会发现到他终身奋斗的景象终于实现：自由和知识可以在编译器下幸存。我们会认识到没有人能像斯托曼这样，可以为社会获得自由而奋斗和发声。
 
 然而我们尚没有获得自由。我们在捍卫自由的时候也许会失败。然而无论胜败，这些作品都展现了自由的景象。创作这些作品的生活中，会启发那些就像斯托曼一样，为自由而战的人们。