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+1. The Initial Announcement of the GNU Operating System {#the-initial-announcement-of-the-gnuoperatingsystem .chapter}
+=======================================================
+
+This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by Richard
+Stallman on 27 September 1983.
+
+The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from this
+initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until January 1984.
+Several of the philosophical concepts of free software were not
+clarified until a few years later.
+
+@raggedright @smallfonts @tt @hyphenpenalty=10000
+@parskip=.66@baselineskip @parindent=0pt From
+mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ\
+ From: `RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie`\
+ Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft\
+ Subject: new Unix implementation\
+ Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST\
+ Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
+
+Free Unix!
+
+Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu’s Not Unix), and
+give it away free[(1)](#FOOT1) to everyone who can use it. Contributions
+of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.
+
+To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
+write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker, assembler,
+and a few other things. After this we will add a text formatter, a YACC,
+an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other things. We hope to
+supply, eventually, everything useful that normally comes with a Unix
+system, and anything else useful, including on-line and hardcopy
+documentation.
+
+@firstcopyingnotice{{@footnoterule Copyright © 1983 Richard Stallman\
+ {This announcement is part of @fsfsthreecite}
+
+GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to have
+longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp
+programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and Lisp
+will be available as system programming languages. We will have network
+software based on MIT’s chaosnet protocol, far superior to UUCP. We may
+also have something compatible with UUCP.
+
+Who Am I?
+
+I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
+Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system. I
+pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In addition I
+have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
+Lisp machines.
+
+Why I Must Write GNU
+
+I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must
+share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good conscience sign
+a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement.
+
+So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
+I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so
+that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
+
+How You Can Contribute
+
+I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
+I’m asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
+
+One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But
+we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate machines
+is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had better be
+able to operate in a residential area, and not require sophisticated
+cooling or power.
+
+Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work with the
+rest of GNU.
+
+If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
+part time. The salary won’t be high, but I’m looking for people for whom
+knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view this
+as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
+
+For more information, contact me.\
+ Arpanet mail:\
+   RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA
+
+Usenet:\
+   ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ   ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ
+
+US Snail:\
+   Richard Stallman\
+   166 Prospect St\
+   Cambridge, MA 02139 @end raggedright
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+### Footnotes
+
+### [(1)](#DOCF1)
+
+@raggedright The wording here was careless. The intention was that
+nobody would have to pay for *permission* to use the GNU system. But the
+words don’t make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no charge.
+That was never the intent. @end raggedright
+
+</div>
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This document was generated by *tonghuix* on *March 25, 2016* using
+[*texi2html 1.82*](http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/).\