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1. Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University {#releasing-free-software-if-you-work-at-auniversity .chapter}
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如果您在大学工作，请您发布自由软件
==================================

@firstcopyingnotice{{ 著作权所有 (C) 2002, 2014 Richard Stallman\
 {本文最初于 2002 年发表于 <http://gnu.org>，此版本是 @fsfsthreecite 的一部分。} 

In the free software movement, we
believe computer users should have the freedom to change and
redistribute the software that they use. The “free” in “free software”
refers to freedom: it means users have the freedom to run, modify and
redistribute the software. Free software contributes to human knowledge,
while nonfree software does not. Universities should therefore encourage
free software for the sake of advancing human knowledge, just as they
should encourage scientists and other scholars to publish their work.

在自由软件运动中，我们坚信用户应当拥有对他们所使用的软件进行修改和再分发
的自由。自由软件中的“free”是指“freedom”中的自由：即用户拥有运行、修改和
再分发的自由。自由软件能够为人类知识做贡献，而私有软件则不能。因此，大学
应当以推进人类知识发展之名鼓励自由软件，如同它们应当鼓励科学家和其他学者
发表其工作成果。

Alas, many university administrators have a grasping attitude towards
software (and towards science); they see programs as opportunities for
income, not as opportunities to contribute to human knowledge. Free
software developers have been coping with this tendency for almost 20
years.

哦不，很多大学的管理人员对软件（以及对科学）持有一种贪婪的态度；他们将软
件视为赢利的机会而非为人类知识做贡献的机会。自由软件开发者同这种倾向进行
斗争已有将近 20 年了。

When I started developing the GNU operating system, in 1984, my first
step was to quit my job at MIT. I did this specifically so that the MIT
licensing office would be unable to interfere with releasing GNU as free
software. I had planned an approach for licensing the programs in GNU
that would ensure that all modified versions must be free software as
well—an approach that developed into the GNU General Public License (GNU
GPL)—and I did not want to have to beg the MIT administration to let me
use it.

在 1984 年，当我开始着手开发 GNU 操作系统时，我的第一步是辞去我在麻省理工
学院（MIT）的工作。我特意选择如此做，这样 MIT 许可证机构就不能再对我将 
GNU 作为自由软件发布这一行为进行干涉。我计划了这样一种方式对 GNU 中的程序
进行授权许可，这种方式可以保证它的所有修改版本必须仍是自由的——这种授权许
可方式后来发展成为了 GNU 通用公共许可证（GNU GPL）——而且我不希望乞求 MIT 
管理人员的允许才能使用它。

Over the years, university affiliates have often come to the Free
Software Foundation for advice on how to cope with administrators who
see software only as something to sell. One good method, applicable even
for specifically funded projects, is to base your work on an existing
program that was released under the GNU GPL. Then you can tell the
administrators, “We’re not allowed to release the modified version
except under the GNU GPL—any other way would be copyright infringement.”
After the dollar signs fade from their eyes, they will usually consent
to releasing it as free software.

这些年来，一些大学的分支机构经常前来自由软件基金会（FSF）寻求帮助，关于
如何应对那些仅仅将软件视为用于贩卖之物的管理人员。有一种方法甚至对于那些
受到特别资助的项目也是使用的，就是使您的工作基于一款已经在 GNU GPL 下发
布的现有的自由软件。然后您可以告知管理人员：“我们不能发布此修改版本，除
非使用 GNU GPL 许可证——任何其他方式都将侵犯著作权。”当他们眼中的美元符号
逐渐褪色时，他们通常将会不再反对将其作为自由软件发布。

You can also ask your funding sponsor for help. When a group at NYU
developed the GNU Ada Compiler, with funding from the US Air Force, the
contract explicitly called for donating the resulting code to the Free
Software Foundation. Work out the arrangement with the sponsor first,
then politely show the university administration that it is not open to
renegotiation. They would rather have a contract to develop free
software than no contract at all, so they will most likely go along.

您也可以求助于资金赞助商。当纽约大学（NYU）的一个开发小组在美国空军资助
下开发出 GNU Ada 编译器时，合同中明确提出将其代码捐赠自由软件基金会。首
先同赞助商达成某种默契，然后礼貌地对大学管理人员说明这不允许重新谈判。
他们将会想要一纸合同以开发自由软件而不想失去它，于是他们很可能会同意。

Whatever you do, raise the issue early—well before the program is half
finished. At this point, the university still needs you, so you can play
hardball: tell the administration you will finish the program, make it
usable, if they agree in writing to make it free software (and agree to
your choice of free software license). Otherwise you will work on it
only enough to write a paper about it, and never make a version good
enough to release. When the administrators know their choice is to have
a free software package that brings credit to the university or nothing
at all, they will usually choose the former.

不论您采取哪种方式，一定要尽早提出关于自由软件的问题——例如程序开发进程达
到一半以前。此时，大学仍然需要您的工作，因此您可以采取强硬措施：告知管理
人员您将会完成该程序并且使之可用，仅当他们白纸黑字地同意使其成为自由软件
（并且同意由您选择使用何种自由软件许可证）。否则您为这个项目所能继续做的
只是写一篇关于它的论文，并且不会做出一个适合于发布的良好版本。当管理人员
意识到他们只能在得到一个可以为大学争得荣誉的自由软件与什么也得不到之间二
选一，他们通常会选择前者。

The FSF may be able to persuade your university to accept the GNU
General Public License, or to accept GPL version 3. If you can’t do it
alone, please give us the chance to help. Send mail to
<licensing@fsf.org>, and put “urgent” in the Subject field.

FSF 可能能够说服您的大学接受 GNU GPL，或者 GPL 版本 3。如果您难以独立完成
这一任务，请给我们帮忙的机会。请发送邮件至 <licensing@fsf.org>，并且在主
题中加上“紧急”标记。

Not all universities have grasping policies. The University of Texas has
a policy that makes it easy to release software developed there as free
software under the GNU General Public License. Univates in Brazil, and
the International Institute of Information Technology in Hyderabad,
India, both have policies in favor of releasing software under the GPL.
By developing faculty support first, you may be able to institute such a
policy at your university. Present the issue as one of principle: does
the university have a mission to advance human knowledge, or is its sole
purpose to perpetuate itself?

并非所有大学都实行贪婪政策。德州大学有一种宽松的政策使得将在那里开发的软
件在 GNU GPL 下作为自由软件发布变得容易。巴西 Univates 大学和印度海德拉巴
信息技术国际学院都拥有有利于以 GPL 发布软件的政策。在首先得到了开发团队的
支持后，您也可以在您的大学实行类似的政策。将这个问题作为一种原则性的问题
提出：大学是否应该以推进人类知识发展为己任，还是仅仅满足于使自己长期存在？

In persuading the university, it helps to approach the issue with
determination and based on an ethical perspective, as we do in the free
software movement. To treat the public ethically, the software should be
free—as in freedom—for the whole public.

在试图说服大学的过程中，最好能够从伦理的视角出发并且下定决心，如同我们在自
由软件运动中所做的那样。为了能够以符合伦理的方式对待大众，软件应当是自由的
——如同“freedom”中的自由——对于全体大众。

Many developers of free software profess narrowly practical reasons for
doing so: they advocate allowing others to share and change software as
an expedient for making software powerful and reliable. If those values
motivate you to develop free software, well and good, and thank you for
your contribution. But those values do not give you a good footing to
stand firm when university administrators pressure or tempt you to make
the program nonfree.

很多自由软件开发者狭隘地宣称如此做的一些实践上的原因：他们倡导允许他人分享
和修改软件只是一种使得软件变得更加强大且可靠的权宜之计。如果是这样的价值观
驱使您开发自由软件，也罢，感谢您和您的贡献。但是，这样的价值观并不能给予您
坚定的立场，一旦大学管理人员威逼利诱您将您的软件变成私有的。

For instance, they may argue that “We could make it even more powerful
and reliable with all the money we can get.” This claim may or may not
come true in the end, but it is hard to disprove in advance. They may
suggest a license to offer copies “free of charge, for academic use
only,” which would tell the general public they don’t deserve freedom,
and argue that this will obtain the cooperation of academia, which is
all (they say) you need.

例如，他们可能会争论“我们能够让它变得更加强大且可靠，只要我们能够得到钱”。
这样的宣言最后也许能够实现，也许不能，但它很难在事先被证伪。他们可能会提出
这样一种分发副本的许可证：“免费，仅限学术应用”，这将会向普通大众暗示他们不
应获得自由，他们还会论证这种行为将会得到学术界的支持，而这一切是（他们所宣
称）您所需要的。

If you start from values of convenience alone, it is hard to make a good
case for rejecting these dead-end proposals, but you can do it easily if
you base your stand on ethical and political values. What good is it to
make a program powerful and reliable at the expense of users’ freedom?
Shouldn’t freedom apply outside academia as well as within it? The
answers are obvious if freedom and community are among your goals. Free
software respects the users’ freedom, while nonfree software negates it.

如果您的出发点只是易用性的价值，这将很难说服人们拒绝这些没有出路的提议。而
如果您的立场是基于伦理和政治方面的价值，就很容易做到。如果牺牲了用户的自由，
一款软件做得再强大再可靠又有何益？难道自由不应该普惠大众而是仅限于学术界内
吗？如果自由和社区是您的目标，这些问题的答案是很明了的。自由软件尊重用户的
自由，而私有软件否定用户的自由。

Nothing strengthens your resolve like knowing that the community’s
freedom depends, in one instance, on you.

凡是能够使您坚定信心的，莫强如了解什么才是社区的自由所依赖的，举个例子，比
如您。

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