/*
* Copyright (c) 2012-2014, TU Delft
* Copyright (c) 2012-2014, TU Eindhoven
* Copyright (c) 2012-2014, TU Kaiserslautern
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
* met:
*
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
* this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
* IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
* TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
* PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
* HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
* TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
* PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
* NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* Authors: Karthik Chandrasekar, Matthias Jung, Omar Naji
*
*/
#include "MemoryPowerModel.h"
#include <stdint.h>
#include <cmath> // For pow
#include <iostream> // fmtflags
using namespace std;
using namespace Data;
// Calculate energy and average power consumption for the given command trace
void MemoryPowerModel::power_calc(const MemorySpecification& memSpec,
const CommandAnalysis& c,
int term)
{
const MemTimingSpec& t = memSpec.memTimingSpec;
const MemArchitectureSpec& memArchSpec = memSpec.memArchSpec;
const MemPowerSpec& mps = memSpec.memPowerSpec;
energy.act_energy = 0.0;
energy.pre_energy = 0.0;
energy.read_energy = 0.0;
energy.write_energy = 0.0;
energy.ref_energy = 0.0;
energy.act_stdby_energy = 0.0;
energy.pre_stdby_energy = 0.0;
energy.idle_energy_act = 0.0;
energy.idle_energy_pre = 0.0;
energy.total_energy = 0.0;
energy.f_act_pd_energy = 0.0;
energy.f_pre_pd_energy = 0.0;
energy.s_act_pd_energy = 0.0;
energy.s_pre_pd_energy = 0.0;
energy.sref_energy = 0.0;
energy.sref_ref_energy = 0.0;
energy.sref_ref_act_energy = 0.0;
energy.sref_ref_pre_energy = 0.0;
energy.spup_energy = 0.0;
energy.spup_ref_energy = 0.0;
energy.spup_ref_act_energy = 0.0;
energy.spup_ref_pre_energy = 0.0;
energy.pup_act_energy = 0.0;
energy.pup_pre_energy = 0.0;
power.IO_power = 0.0;
power.WR_ODT_power = 0.0;
power.TermRD_power = 0.0;
power.TermWR_power = 0.0;
energy.read_io_energy = 0.0;
energy.write_term_energy = 0.0;
energy.read_oterm_energy = 0.0;
energy.write_oterm_energy = 0.0;
energy.io_term_energy = 0.0;
// How long a single burst takes, measured in command-clock cycles.
int64_t burstCc = memArchSpec.burstLength / memArchSpec.dataRate;
// IO and Termination Power measures are included, if required.
if (term) {
io_term_power(memSpec);
// memArchSpec.width represents the number of data (dq) pins.
// 1 DQS pin is associated with every data byte
int64_t dqPlusDqsBits = memArchSpec.width + memArchSpec.width / 8;
// 1 DQS and 1 DM pin is associated with every data byte
int64_t dqPlusDqsPlusMaskBits = memArchSpec.width + memArchSpec.width / 8 + memArchSpec.width / 8;
// Size of one clock period for the data bus.
double ddrPeriod = t.clkPeriod / static_cast<double>(memArchSpec.dataRate);
// Read IO power is consumed by each DQ (data) and DQS (data strobe) pin
energy.read_io_energy = calcIoTermEnergy(c.numberofreads * memArchSpec.burstLength,
ddrPeriod,
power.IO_power,
dqPlusDqsBits);
// Write ODT power is consumed by each DQ (data), DQS (data strobe) and DM
energy.write_term_energy = calcIoTermEnergy(c.numberofwrites * memArchSpec.burstLength,
ddrPeriod,
power.WR_ODT_power,
dqPlusDqsPlusMaskBits);
if (memArchSpec.nbrOfRanks > 1) {
// Termination power consumed in the idle rank during reads on the active
// rank by each DQ (data) and DQS (data strobe) pin.
energy.read_oterm_energy = calcIoTermEnergy(c.numberofreads * memArchSpec.burstLength,
ddrPeriod,
power.TermRD_power,
dqPlusDqsBits);
// Termination power consumed in the idle rank during writes on the active
// rank by each DQ (data), DQS (data strobe) and DM (data mask) pin.
energy.write_oterm_energy = calcIoTermEnergy(c.numberofwrites * memArchSpec.burstLength,
ddrPeriod,
power.TermWR_power,
dqPlusDqsPlusMaskBits);
}
// Sum of all IO and termination energy
energy.io_term_energy = energy.read_io_energy + energy.write_term_energy
+ energy.read_oterm_energy + energy.write_oterm_energy;
}
total_cycles = c.actcycles + c.precycles +
c.f_act_pdcycles + c.f_pre_pdcycles +
c.s_act_pdcycles + c.s_pre_pdcycles + c.sref_cycles
+ c.sref_ref_act_cycles + c.sref_ref_pre_cycles +
c.spup_ref_act_cycles + c.spup_ref_pre_cycles;
EnergyDomain vdd0Domain(mps.vdd, t.clkPeriod);
energy.act_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.numberofacts * t.RAS , mps.idd0 - mps.idd3n);
energy.pre_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.numberofpres * (t.RC - t.RAS) , mps.idd0 - mps.idd2n);
energy.read_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.numberofreads * burstCc , mps.idd4r - mps.idd3n);
energy.write_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.numberofwrites * burstCc , mps.idd4w - mps.idd3n);
energy.ref_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.numberofrefs * t.RFC , mps.idd5 - mps.idd3n);
energy.pre_stdby_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.precycles, mps.idd2n);
energy.act_stdby_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.actcycles, mps.idd3n);
// Idle energy in the active standby clock cycles
energy.idle_energy_act = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.idlecycles_act, mps.idd3n);
// Idle energy in the precharge standby clock cycles
energy.idle_energy_pre = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.idlecycles_pre, mps.idd2n);
// fast-exit active power-down cycles energy
energy.f_act_pd_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.f_act_pdcycles, mps.idd3p1);
// fast-exit precharged power-down cycles energy
energy.f_pre_pd_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.f_pre_pdcycles, mps.idd2p1);
// slow-exit active power-down cycles energy
energy.s_act_pd_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.s_act_pdcycles, mps.idd3p0);
// slow-exit precharged power-down cycles energy
energy.s_pre_pd_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.s_pre_pdcycles, mps.idd2p0);
// self-refresh cycles energy including a refresh per self-refresh entry
energy.sref_energy = engy_sref(mps.idd6, mps.idd3n,
mps.idd5, mps.vdd,
static_cast<double>(c.sref_cycles), static_cast<double>(c.sref_ref_act_cycles),
static_cast<double>(c.sref_ref_pre_cycles), static_cast<double>(c.spup_ref_act_cycles),
static_cast<double>(c.spup_ref_pre_cycles), t.clkPeriod);
// background energy during active auto-refresh cycles in self-refresh
energy.sref_ref_act_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.sref_ref_act_cycles, mps.idd3p0);
// background energy during precharged auto-refresh cycles in self-refresh
energy.sref_ref_pre_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.sref_ref_pre_cycles, mps.idd2p0);
// background energy during active auto-refresh cycles in self-refresh exit
energy.spup_ref_act_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.spup_ref_act_cycles, mps.idd3n);
// background energy during precharged auto-refresh cycles in self-refresh exit
energy.spup_ref_pre_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.spup_ref_pre_cycles, mps.idd2n);
// self-refresh power-up cycles energy -- included
energy.spup_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.spup_cycles, mps.idd2n);
// active power-up cycles energy - same as active standby -- included
energy.pup_act_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.pup_act_cycles, mps.idd3n);
// precharged power-up cycles energy - same as precharged standby -- included
energy.pup_pre_energy = vdd0Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.pup_pre_cycles, mps.idd2n);
// similar equations as before to support multiple voltage domains in LPDDR2
// and WIDEIO memories
if (memArchSpec.twoVoltageDomains) {
EnergyDomain vdd2Domain(mps.vdd2, t.clkPeriod);
energy.act_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.numberofacts * t.RAS , mps.idd02 - mps.idd3n2);
energy.pre_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.numberofpres * (t.RC - t.RAS) , mps.idd02 - mps.idd2n2);
energy.read_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.numberofreads * burstCc , mps.idd4r2 - mps.idd3n2);
energy.write_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.numberofwrites * burstCc , mps.idd4w2 - mps.idd3n2);
energy.ref_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.numberofrefs * t.RFC , mps.idd52 - mps.idd3n2);
energy.pre_stdby_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.precycles, mps.idd2n2);
energy.act_stdby_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.actcycles, mps.idd3n2);
// Idle energy in the active standby clock cycles
energy.idle_energy_act += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.idlecycles_act, mps.idd3n2);
// Idle energy in the precharge standby clock cycles
energy.idle_energy_pre += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.idlecycles_pre, mps.idd2n2);
// fast-exit active power-down cycles energy
energy.f_act_pd_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.f_act_pdcycles, mps.idd3p12);
// fast-exit precharged power-down cycles energy
energy.f_pre_pd_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.f_pre_pdcycles, mps.idd2p12);
// slow-exit active power-down cycles energy
energy.s_act_pd_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.s_act_pdcycles, mps.idd3p02);
// slow-exit precharged power-down cycles energy
energy.s_pre_pd_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.s_pre_pdcycles, mps.idd2p02);
energy.sref_energy += engy_sref(mps.idd62, mps.idd3n2,
mps.idd52, mps.vdd2,
static_cast<double>(c.sref_cycles), static_cast<double>(c.sref_ref_act_cycles),
static_cast<double>(c.sref_ref_pre_cycles), static_cast<double>(c.spup_ref_act_cycles),
static_cast<double>(c.spup_ref_pre_cycles), t.clkPeriod);
// background energy during active auto-refresh cycles in self-refresh
energy.sref_ref_act_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.sref_ref_act_cycles, mps.idd3p02);
// background energy during precharged auto-refresh cycles in self-refresh
energy.sref_ref_pre_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.sref_ref_pre_cycles, mps.idd2p02);
// background energy during active auto-refresh cycles in self-refresh exit
energy.spup_ref_act_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.spup_ref_act_cycles, mps.idd3n2);
// background energy during precharged auto-refresh cycles in self-refresh exit
energy.spup_ref_pre_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.spup_ref_pre_cycles, mps.idd2n2);
// self-refresh power-up cycles energy -- included
energy.spup_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.spup_cycles, mps.idd2n2);
// active power-up cycles energy - same as active standby -- included
energy.pup_act_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.pup_act_cycles, mps.idd3n2);
// precharged power-up cycles energy - same as precharged standby -- included
energy.pup_pre_energy += vdd2Domain.calcTivEnergy(c.pup_pre_cycles, mps.idd2n2);
}
// auto-refresh energy during self-refresh cycles
energy.sref_ref_energy = energy.sref_ref_act_energy + energy.sref_ref_pre_energy;
// auto-refresh energy during self-refresh exit cycles
energy.spup_ref_energy = energy.spup_ref_act_energy + energy.spup_ref_pre_energy;
// adding all energy components for the active rank and all background and idle
// energy components for both ranks (in a dual-rank system)
energy.total_energy = energy.act_energy + energy.pre_energy + energy.read_energy +
energy.write_energy + energy.ref_energy + energy.io_term_energy +
static_cast<double>(memArchSpec.nbrOfRanks) * (energy.act_stdby_energy +
energy.pre_stdby_energy + energy.sref_energy +
energy.f_act_pd_energy + energy.f_pre_pd_energy + energy.s_act_pd_energy
+ energy.s_pre_pd_energy + energy.sref_ref_energy + energy.spup_ref_energy);
// Calculate the average power consumption
power.average_power = energy.total_energy / (static_cast<double>(total_cycles) * t.clkPeriod);
} // MemoryPowerModel::power_calc
void MemoryPowerModel::power_print(const MemorySpecification& memSpec, int term, const CommandAnalysis& c) const
{
const MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec = memSpec.memTimingSpec;
const MemArchitectureSpec& memArchSpec = memSpec.memArchSpec;
const uint64_t nRanks = static_cast<uint64_t>(memArchSpec.nbrOfRanks);
const char eUnit[] = " pJ";
ios_base::fmtflags flags = cout.flags();
streamsize precision = cout.precision();
cout.precision(0);
cout << "* Trace Details:" << fixed << endl
<< endl << "#ACT commands: " << c.numberofacts
<< endl << "#RD + #RDA commands: " << c.numberofreads
<< endl << "#WR + #WRA commands: " << c.numberofwrites
/* #PRE commands (precharge all counts a number of #PRE commands equal to the number of active banks) */
<< endl << "#PRE (+ PREA) commands: " << c.numberofpres
<< endl << "#REF commands: " << c.numberofrefs
<< endl << "#Active Cycles: " << c.actcycles
<< endl << " #Active Idle Cycles: " << c.idlecycles_act
<< endl << " #Active Power-Up Cycles: " << c.pup_act_cycles
<< endl << " #Auto-Refresh Active cycles during Self-Refresh Power-Up: " << c.spup_ref_act_cycles
<< endl << "#Precharged Cycles: " << c.precycles
<< endl << " #Precharged Idle Cycles: " << c.idlecycles_pre
<< endl << " #Precharged Power-Up Cycles: " << c.pup_pre_cycles
<< endl << " #Auto-Refresh Precharged cycles during Self-Refresh Power-Up: " << c.spup_ref_pre_cycles
<< endl << " #Self-Refresh Power-Up Cycles: " << c.spup_cycles
<< endl << "Total Idle Cycles (Active + Precharged): " << c.idlecycles_act + c.idlecycles_pre
<< endl << "#Power-Downs: " << c.f_act_pdns + c.s_act_pdns + c.f_pre_pdns + c.s_pre_pdns
<< endl << " #Active Fast-exit Power-Downs: " << c.f_act_pdns
<< endl << " #Active Slow-exit Power-Downs: " << c.s_act_pdns
<< endl << " #Precharged Fast-exit Power-Downs: " << c.f_pre_pdns
<< endl << " #Precharged Slow-exit Power-Downs: " << c.s_pre_pdns
<< endl << "#Power-Down Cycles: " << c.f_act_pdcycles + c.s_act_pdcycles + c.f_pre_pdcycles + c.s_pre_pdcycles
<< endl << " #Active Fast-exit Power-Down Cycles: " << c.f_act_pdcycles
<< endl << " #Active Slow-exit Power-Down Cycles: " << c.s_act_pdcycles
<< endl << " #Auto-Refresh Active cycles during Self-Refresh: " << c.sref_ref_act_cycles
<< endl << " #Precharged Fast-exit Power-Down Cycles: " << c.f_pre_pdcycles
<< endl << " #Precharged Slow-exit Power-Down Cycles: " << c.s_pre_pdcycles
<< endl << " #Auto-Refresh Precharged cycles during Self-Refresh: " << c.sref_ref_pre_cycles
<< endl << "#Auto-Refresh Cycles: " << c.numberofrefs * memTimingSpec.RFC
<< endl << "#Self-Refreshes: " << c.numberofsrefs
<< endl << "#Self-Refresh Cycles: " << c.sref_cycles
<< endl << "----------------------------------------"
<< endl << "Total Trace Length (clock cycles): " << total_cycles
<< endl << "----------------------------------------" << endl;
cout.precision(2);
cout << endl << "* Trace Power and Energy Estimates:" << endl
<< endl << "ACT Cmd Energy: " << energy.act_energy << eUnit
<< endl << "PRE Cmd Energy: " << energy.pre_energy << eUnit
<< endl << "RD Cmd Energy: " << energy.read_energy << eUnit
<< endl << "WR Cmd Energy: " << energy.write_energy << eUnit;
if (term) {
cout << "RD I/O Energy: " << energy.read_io_energy << eUnit << endl;
// No Termination for LPDDR/2/3 and DDR memories
if (memSpec.memArchSpec.termination) {
cout << "WR Termination Energy: " << energy.write_term_energy << eUnit << endl;
}
if (nRanks > 1 && memSpec.memArchSpec.termination) {
cout << "RD Termination Energy (Idle rank): " << energy.read_oterm_energy << eUnit
<< endl << "WR Termination Energy (Idle rank): " << energy.write_oterm_energy << eUnit << endl;
}
}
double nRanksDouble = static_cast<double>(nRanks);
cout << "ACT Stdby Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.act_stdby_energy << eUnit
<< endl << " Active Idle Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.idle_energy_act << eUnit
<< endl << " Active Power-Up Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.pup_act_energy << eUnit
<< endl << " Active Stdby Energy during Auto-Refresh cycles in Self-Refresh Power-Up: " << nRanksDouble * energy.spup_ref_act_energy << eUnit
<< endl << "PRE Stdby Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.pre_stdby_energy << eUnit
<< endl << " Precharge Idle Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.idle_energy_pre << eUnit
<< endl << " Precharged Power-Up Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.pup_pre_energy << eUnit
<< endl << " Precharge Stdby Energy during Auto-Refresh cycles in Self-Refresh Power-Up: " << nRanksDouble * energy.spup_ref_pre_energy << eUnit
<< endl << " Self-Refresh Power-Up Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.spup_energy << eUnit
<< endl << "Total Idle Energy (Active + Precharged): " << nRanksDouble * (energy.idle_energy_act + energy.idle_energy_pre) << eUnit
<< endl << "Total Power-Down Energy: " << nRanksDouble * (energy.f_act_pd_energy + energy.f_pre_pd_energy + energy.s_act_pd_energy + energy.s_pre_pd_energy) << eUnit
<< endl << " Fast-Exit Active Power-Down Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.f_act_pd_energy << eUnit
<< endl << " Slow-Exit Active Power-Down Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.s_act_pd_energy << eUnit
<< endl << " Slow-Exit Active Power-Down Energy during Auto-Refresh cycles in Self-Refresh: " << nRanksDouble * energy.sref_ref_act_energy << eUnit
<< endl << " Fast-Exit Precharged Power-Down Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.f_pre_pd_energy << eUnit
<< endl << " Slow-Exit Precharged Power-Down Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.s_pre_pd_energy << eUnit
<< endl << " Slow-Exit Precharged Power-Down Energy during Auto-Refresh cycles in Self-Refresh: " << nRanksDouble * energy.sref_ref_pre_energy << eUnit
<< endl << "Auto-Refresh Energy: " << energy.ref_energy << eUnit
<< endl << "Self-Refresh Energy: " << nRanksDouble * energy.sref_energy << eUnit
<< endl << "----------------------------------------"
<< endl << "Total Trace Energy: " << energy.total_energy << eUnit
<< endl << "Average Power: " << power.average_power << " mW"
<< endl << "----------------------------------------" << endl;
cout.flags(flags);
cout.precision(precision);
} // MemoryPowerModel::power_print
// Self-refresh active energy estimation (not including background energy)
double MemoryPowerModel::engy_sref(double idd6, double idd3n, double idd5,
double vdd, double sref_cycles, double sref_ref_act_cycles,
double sref_ref_pre_cycles, double spup_ref_act_cycles,
double spup_ref_pre_cycles, double clk)
{
double sref_energy;
sref_energy = ((idd6 * sref_cycles) + ((idd5 - idd3n) * (sref_ref_act_cycles
+ spup_ref_act_cycles + sref_ref_pre_cycles + spup_ref_pre_cycles)))
* vdd * clk;
return sref_energy;
}
// IO and Termination power calculation based on Micron Power Calculators
// Absolute power measures are obtained from Micron Power Calculator (mentioned in mW)
void MemoryPowerModel::io_term_power(const MemorySpecification& memSpec)
{
const MemTimingSpec& memTimingSpec = memSpec.memTimingSpec;
const MemArchitectureSpec& memArchSpec = memSpec.memArchSpec;
const MemPowerSpec& memPowerSpec = memSpec.memPowerSpec;
power.IO_power = memPowerSpec.ioPower; // in mW
power.WR_ODT_power = memPowerSpec.wrOdtPower; // in mW
if (memArchSpec.nbrOfRanks > 1) {
power.TermRD_power = memPowerSpec.termRdPower; // in mW
power.TermWR_power = memPowerSpec.termWrPower; // in mW
}
if (memPowerSpec.capacitance != 0.0) {
// If capacity is given, then IO Power depends on DRAM clock frequency.
power.IO_power = memPowerSpec.capacitance * 0.5 * pow(memPowerSpec.vdd2, 2.0) * memTimingSpec.clkMhz * 1000000;
}
} // MemoryPowerModel::io_term_power
double MemoryPowerModel::calcIoTermEnergy(int64_t cycles, double period, double power, int64_t numBits) const
{
return static_cast<double>(cycles) * period * power * static_cast<double>(numBits);
}
// time (t) * current (I) * voltage (V) energy calculation
double EnergyDomain::calcTivEnergy(int64_t cycles, double current) const
{
return static_cast<double>(cycles) * clkPeriod * current * voltage;
}