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-% This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
-% International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
-% http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to
-% Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
-
-\documentclass{beamer}
-\usetheme{Madrid}
-\usepackage{hyperref}
-\usepackage{verbatim}
-
-\title{coreboot - the free firmware}
-\author[Iru Cai]{Iru Cai \texttt{<vimacs.hacks@gmail.com>}}
-%\institute[LCPU]{Linux Club of Peking University}
-\date{Nov 23th, 2016}
-\begin{document}
-
-\begin{frame}
-\titlepage
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{License}
-  This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
-  International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
-  \url{http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/}.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{Index}
-\tableofcontents[part=1]
-\end{frame}
-
-\part{1}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]{What is coreboot?}
-  coreboot is an extended firmware platform that delivers a lightning
-  fast and secure boot experience on modern computers and embedded
-  systems. As an Open Source project it provides auditability and
-  maximum control over technology.
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-    \item Homepage: \url{https://www.coreboot.org}
-    \item Mailing list: coreboot@coreboot.org
-    \item IRC: \#coreboot at irc.freenode.net
-    \item twitter: @coreboot\_org
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{History}
-\begin{frame}{History: from LinuxBIOS to coreboot}
-  coreboot has a very long history, stretching back more than 15 years
-  to when it was known as LinuxBIOS. While the project has gone
-  through lots of changes over the years, many of the earliest
-  developers still contribute today.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{LinuxBIOS v1: 1999-2000}
-  The coreboot project originally started as LinuxBIOS in 1999 at Los
-  Alamos National Labs (LANL) by Ron Minnich. Ron needed to boot a
-  cluster made up of many x86 mainboards without the hassles that are
-  part of the PC BIOS. The goal was to do minimal hardware
-  initilization in order to boot Linux as fast as possible. Linux
-  already had the drivers and support to initialize the majority of
-  devices. Ron and a number of other key contributors from LANL, Linux
-  NetworkX, and other open source firmware projects successfully
-  booted Linux from flash. From there they were able to discover other
-  nodes in the cluster, load a full kernel and user space, and start
-  the clustering software.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{LinuxBIOS v2: 2000-2005}
-  After the initial success of v1, the design was expanded to support
-  more CPU architectures (x86, Alpha, PPC) and to support developers
-  with increasingly diverse needs.
-
-  One of the design goal is to have little assembly as possible.
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item standard C cannot be used because C compiler requires memory
-    for stack
-  \item the new DDR memory controllers required significantly more
-    configuration and a lot more ASM
-  \item solution: ROMCC by Eric Biederman
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  LinuxBIOS device tree was introduced.
-
-  Many target systems had flash that were too small to hold both the
-  hardware initialization code and the Linux kernel. Payloads were
-  created.
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item modified etherboot for clusters
-  \item FILO for disk-based boot
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{LinuxBIOS v2+: 2005-2008}
-  Cache as RAM was introduced in 2005.
-
-  Stefan Reinauer formed a company named coresystems GmbH to support
-  LinuxBIOS. Stefan was one of the primary developers and co-leaders
-  of LinuxBIOS with Ron Minnich. His significant contributions
-  included the first AMD64 port, the original ACPI implementation, the
-  original SMM implementation, the flashrom utility, and the FILO
-  payload development and maintainer.
-
-  In 2005, FSF started the Free BIOS campaign to support LinuxBIOS
-  development. Ward Vandewege of FSF ported LinuxBIOS to the FSF
-  servers and other mainboards.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{LinuxBIOS v3: 2006-2008}
-  By 2006, LinuxBIOS had already supported hundreds of
-  mainboards. With so many boards, there were problems with porting
-  additional silicon and systems.
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Developers fixed and clarified many driver and bus support
-    issues in the device tree.
-  \item Kconfig
-  \item firmware image archive called LAR (LinuxBIOS Archiver), which
-    led to the more refined and flexible concept of CBFS
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  It wasn't the main development branch; it was essentially an R\&D
-  branch, where the best ideas were backported to v2.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{2008: LinuxBIOS renamed coreboot}
-  \url{https://www.coreboot.org/pipermail/coreboot/2008-January/029135.html}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item LinuxBIOS = (core boot code) + (Linux kernel)
-  \item Linux was no longer booted directly from flash
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{coreboot v4}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item In early 2010, coreboot moved from SVN to Git
-  \item during the transition, the community took the opportunity to
-    recognize the advancements of the past 10 years and updated to
-    version 4.0.
-  \item contributions from AMD: AMD Generic Encapsulated Software
-    Architecture (AGESA)
-  \item Google Chromebook
-  \item Intel FSP
-  \item libreboot for ThinkPad T60
-  \item
-    \href{https://www.coreboot.org/pipermail/coreboot/2015-July/080120.html}{coreboot
-      v4.1}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{About libreboot}
-  Some firmware components are non-free:
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Intel ME firmware/AMD PSP
-  \item Intel FSP/closed source AGESA
-  \item Option ROMs (including VGA BIOS)
-  \item CPU microcode
-  \item EC firmware
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  Libreboot is a coreboot distribution that removes proprietary
-  components, including Intel ME, FSP, VGA BIOS, etc. On some laptops,
-  the EC firmware is also free(Chromium EC in Chromebooks).
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Why use coreboot}
-\begin{frame}[fragile]{Why use coreboot}
-
-  You can see the advantages of coreboot at:
-  \url{https://www.coreboot.org/users.html}
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item coreboot is free software (see
-    \href{https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/priority-projects/highpriorityprojects#Coreboot}{FSF
-      Free BIOS Campaign})
-  \item fast boot times
-  \item it's flexible
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{Fun stuff on BIOS}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \url{https://www.coreboot.org/Fun_Stuff}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{How coreboot works}
-\begin{frame}{How coreboot works}
-%On Intel x86 architecture, the first instruction is at 0xFFFFFFF0.
-%src/cpu/x86/16bit/reset16.inc
-%_start16bit(entry16.inc): enter protected mode
-%__protected_start(entry32.inc)
-  %src/arch/x86/bootblock_romcc.S
-
-  We'll take lenovo/x230 as example to see how a machine boots with
-  coreboot.
-
-  We can build coreboot with ``\texttt{make V=1 > build.log}`` to see which
-  files are used to build coreboot for this mainboard.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{coreboot stages}
-  The coreboot firmware runs in several stages.
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item bootblock: the earliest code that the CPU runs
-  \item romstage: before main memory is ready, only the code in the
-    flash can be run, and no other memory can be used
-  \item ramstage: after main memory can be used, the ramstage code is
-    uncompressed in memory, and do the remaining initialization
-  \item payload: OS or OS loader
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{bootblock}
-  When the machine starts, PC poionts at reset vector (f000:fff0), the
-  CPU runs the bootblock code.
-
-  The bootblock code is in src/arch/x86/bootblock\_romcc.S, which
-  includes:
-  \begin{itemize}
-    \item src/cpu/x86/16bit/reset16.inc: the code at reset vector
-    \item src/cpu/x86/16bit/entry16.inc: the 16-bit code that sets CPU to protected mode
-    \item src/cpu/x86/32bit/entry32.inc: sets segment registers
-    \item generated/bootblock.inc: generated from src/arch/x86/bootblock\_simple.c with ROMCC
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  bootblock\_simple.c then runs romstage.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{romstage}
-  romstage starts at src/arch/x86/assembly\_entry.S, which includes:
-  \begin{itemize}
-    \item src/cpu/x86/32bit/entry32.inc: loads GDT and sets segment registers
-    \item generated/assembly.inc: generated from
-      src/cpu/intel/model\_206ax/cache\_as\_ram.inc, which sets up CAR
-      and runs the init code in romstage by calling ramstage\_main(),
-      then runs ramstage by calling romstage\_after\_car() which calls
-      run\_ramstage().
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  ramstage\_main() is in src/cpu/intel/car/romstage.c, it calls
-  mainboard\_romstage\_entry() in
-  src/northbridge/intel/sandybridge/romstage.c, which does the DRAM
-  initialization.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{ramstage}
-  ramstage starts at src/arch/x86/c\_start.S, it calls the ``main``
-  function in src/lib/hardwaremain.c.
-
-  There are 12 boot states defined in source code. Functions for each
-  state are run in ramstage. At last payload is loaded and run.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{Payloads}
-  There are many coreboot payloads:
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item SeaBIOS: a PC BIOS implementation
-  \item GRUB2
-  \item Linux kernel
-  \item Tianocore: a UEFI implementation by Intel
-  \item depthcharge: a bootloader written by Google for Chromebooks
-  \item u-boot
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  Some useful tools can also be payloads:
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item nvramcui: a tool to edit CMOS
-  \item coreinfo: system information
-  \item memtest86+
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]{Supported OSes}
-  coreboot supports many operating systems:
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Linux: boots via GRUB2,SeaBIOS, or using Linux kernel as
-    payload
-  \item OpenBSD: boots via SeaBIOS with VGA option ROM. Now it
-    supports UEFI and don't need VGA BIOS, so it now supports
-    libreboot. See
-    \href{https://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/libreboot/2016-04/msg00010.html}{libreboot
-      mailing list}.
-  \item Windows: boots via SeaBIOS with VGA option ROM. Windows 8
-    should be able to boot with Tianocore without VGA BIOS.
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Building and using coreboot}
-\begin{frame}[fragile]{Building coreboot and run on QEMU}
-
-  \url{https://www.coreboot.org/Lesson1} is a good place to start.
-
-  \begin{block}{Build a cross toolchain for building coreboot}
-    make crossgcc or \verb|make crossgcc-<arch>|
-  \end{block}
-
-  \begin{block}{Generate a configuration}
-    make nconfig
-  \end{block}
-
-  At last do a ``make`` to build it, the built firmware is at
-  build/coreboot.rom.
-
-  \begin{block}{Run coreboot on QEMU}
-    qemu-system-i386 -bios build/coreboot.rom
-  \end{block}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Flashing}
-\begin{frame}{Hardware flashing}
-  To use coreboot on real machines, we need to know how to flash
-  externally with a hardware flash programmer.
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Most of the mainboards can only be flashed externally with
-    factory firmware running.
-  \item We need to flash externally to unbrick a machine.
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  We need a programmer and a connector to connect the flash.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{Tools to flash a chip}
-  A lot of mainboards use SPI NOR flash, most of them are in SOIC-8
-  package.
-
-  To program SPI NOR flash, we can use one of the following tools:
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Using Linux SPI: Raspberry Pi, Beaglebone
-  \item Micro controllers: Arduino, Bus Pirate, STM32
-  \item Programmers: ch341a, dediprog
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  To connect with SOIC-8 or SOIC-16 flash chips, we can use a clip.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]{Flash with flashrom}
-  We can use flashrom to flash the chips.
-
-  \begin{block}{command line}
-    \verb|flashrom -p <programmer> [-r <file>] [-w <file>]|
-  \end{block}
-
-  \begin{block}{For Linux SPI}
-    \verb|flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev1.0,spispeed=1024|
-  \end{block}
-
-  \begin{block}{For ch341a}
-    \verb|flashrom -p ch341a_spi|
-  \end{block}
-
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]{Internal flashing with flashrom}
-  Many boards can be flashed internally with coreboot flashed.
-
-  \begin{block}{internal flashing}
-    \verb|flashrom -p internal:laptop=force_I_want_a_brick|
-  \end{block}
-
-  We can also use a layout file to flash part of the ROM.
-  \begin{block}{flashing with layout}
-\begin{verbatim}
-flashrom -p <prog> --layout layout.txt \
-  --image bios -w <file>
-\end{verbatim}
-  \end{block}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Utilities and Debugging}
-\begin{frame}{Utilities and Debugging}
-  To work with coreboot, we have many tools to use:
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item nvramtool: dump CMOS contents, display and modify CMOS settings
-  \item cbmem: display coreboot table and logs
-  \item ectool: read and write EC memory, sometimes useful
-  \item autoport: generate the code for a board you want to port,
-    usually needs further changes
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  To debug coreboot, we can read the cbmem console in a working
-  system. We can also use a EHCI debug dongle.
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Net20DC is an expensive device, and its company is bankrupt.
-  \item We can use a development board with OTG port, e.g. BeagleBone,
-    Cubieboard
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  For systems with serial output, we can also do the debugging with
-  it.
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Join the community}
-
-\begin{frame}{The coreboot community}
-  You can visit ``Community and infrastructure`` section of
-  \url{https://www.coreboot.org/developers.html} to get an overview of
-  coreboot community.
-
-  Some advice:
-  \begin{itemize}
-    \item Learn to use mailing list and IRC.
-    \item \href{http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html}{Ask
-      Questions The Smart Way}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{Reporting bugs and Writing documents}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item To join the community, learn to use mailing list and IRC.
-  \item There's a bug tracking system: \url{http://ticket.coreboot.org/}
-  \item We can apply for a wiki account and write coreboot wiki.
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]{I want to write some code}
-  Gerrit code review is the project management system for coreboot.
-
-  To push code to gerrit, you can manually set up the scripts, or just
-  run \verb|make gitconfig|.
-
-  Using gerrit is easy:
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item To push code: \verb|git push origin HEAD:refs/for/master|
-  \item We can add a topic: \verb|HEAD:refs/for/master%topic=some_topic|
-  \item To push a draft: \verb|HEAD:refs/drafts/master|
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  I recommend working in a new git branch instead of master.
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{Google Summer of Code}
-
-  coreboot has been a GSoC mentoring organization for many years. We
-  can read the project reports at \url{https://blogs.coreboot.org}.
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item GSoC 2016 projects:
-    \begin{itemize}
-      \item better RISC-V support
-      \item serialICE
-      \item flashrom
-    \end{itemize}
-
-  \item GSoC 2015 projects:
-    \begin{itemize}
-      \item H8S Embedded Controller
-      \item coreboot for AArch64 QEMU
-      \item end user flash tool
-    \end{itemize}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{The status of coreboot}
-
-  The current development of coreboot focuses on:
-  \begin{itemize}
-    \item improvement on old platforms
-    \item utilities and payloads
-    \item Google Chromebooks and related chips
-    \item new architectures: RISC-V, POWER8, etc.
-  \end{itemize}
-
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{References}
-\begin{frame}{References}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item coreboot history: Embedded Firmware Solutions, by Jiming Sun,
-    Vincent Zimmer, Marc Jones, and Stefan Reinauer
-  \item libreboot: \url{https://libreboot.org/faq/}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{comment}
-\part{2}
-\section{[OT] Choosing hardware friendly to free software}
-\begin{frame}{Hardware choosing(Machines)}
-  \begin{block}{Laptops}
-    \begin{itemize}
-    \item laptops with libreboot supported, e.g. Lenovo X200
-    \item Intel platforms up to Ivy Bridge supports coreboot without
-      FSP, and there's no boot guard.
-    \end{itemize}
-  \end{block}
-
-  \begin{block}{Development boards}
-    \begin{itemize}
-    \item Raspberry Pi is very popular, but it's not so open.
-    \item Allwinner is not so friendly to free software community, but
-      Allwinner chips has good community support.
-    \item Beaglebone Black seems popular in coreboot and libreboot
-      community.
-    \end{itemize}
-  \end{block}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}{Hardware choosing(wifi cards and GPU)}
-  \begin{block}{wifi cards}
-    \begin{itemize}
-    \item Atheros 802.11n chips have free driver and do not need
-      proprietary firmware.
-    \item AR9382 is very cheap (down to 20 CNY on taobao), with
-      excellent dual-band 300M performance.
-    \item Broadcom sucks, so is Realtek.
-    \item Chips from Intel,TI,etc. need proprietary firmware.
-    \end{itemize}
-  \end{block}
-
-  \begin{block}{GPUs}
-    Many GPUs needs proprietary firmware blobs. There are some GPUs
-    that Linux-libre can use:
-    \begin{itemize}
-    \item Intel Graphics before Skylake
-    \item NVIDIA chips up to Kepler with nouveau driver
-    \item embedded GPUs: freedreno, etnaviv, etc.
-    \end{itemize}
-  \end{block}
-\end{frame}
-\end{comment}
-
-\end{document}