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-1. Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software {#why-schools-should-exclusively-use-freesoftware .chapter}
-===================================================
-
 为什么学校应该只使用自由软件
 =============
 
 > Copyright © 2003, 2009, 2014 Richard Stallman 此文最早于2003年发布在 <http://gnu.org>。 参考中译 JODOO <http://blog.fujiji.com/why-schools-should-exclusively-use-free-software/> 2015年10月，略有改动
 
-Educational activities (including schools) have a moral duty to teach
-only free software.
-
 教育活动（包括学校里的），有道义责任只教授自由软件。
 
-All computer users ought to insist on free software: it gives users the
-freedom to control their own computers—with proprietary software, the
-program does what its owner or developer wants it to do, not what the
-user wants it to do. Free software also gives users the freedom to
-cooperate with each other, to lead an upright life. These reasons apply
-to schools as they do to everyone. However, the purpose of this article
-is to present the additional reasons that apply specifically to
-education.
-
 所有计算机用户都应该坚持使用自由软件：你会获得控制你计算机的权利。而专有软件，更愿意做其拥有者或开发者想要做的事情，而不是用户想让它们做的事情。自由软件还会赋予用户自由协作的权利，这将会引领一种积极向上的生活方式。这些理由适用于学校，而且也适用于每个人。但是，本文的目的不仅限于此，还会讲到专门适用于教育的特殊原因。
 
-Free software can save schools money, but this is a secondary benefit.
-Savings are possible because free software gives schools, like other
-users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the software; the school
-system can give a copy to every school, and each school can install the
-program in all its computers, with no obligation to pay for doing so.
-
 自由软件帮助学校节省资金只是一个附带好处。节省资金是因为自由软件赋予学校，如同赋予其他个人用户那样，自由复制和分发软件的权利。教育系统可以给每一所学校一份副本，而且每一所学校都可以将其安装在学校的每一台电脑上，这样做无需任何直接花费。
 
-This benefit is useful, but we firmly refuse to give it first place,
-because it is shallow compared to the important ethical issues at stake.
-Moving schools to free software is more than a way to make education a
-little “better”: it is a matter of doing good education instead of bad
-education. So let’s consider the deeper issues.
-
-尽管这项好处很有用，但我们坚定地拒绝将其置于首位，因为这样做的风险和道义层面的重要性问题相比，似乎显得微不足道。推动学校使用自由软件，不只是让教育变得稍微“好一点”的一个方法，也是一件关乎“好教育”还是“坏教育”的大事。所以，我们来探讨一下这个更深层次的问题。
-
-Schools have a social mission: to teach students to be citizens of a
-strong, capable, independent, cooperating and free society. They should
-promote the use of free software just as they promote conservation and
-voting. By teaching students free software, they can graduate citizens
-ready to live in a free digital society. This will help society as a
-whole escape from being dominated by megacorporations.
+尽管这项好处很有用，但我们坚定地拒绝将其置于首位，因为和道义层面要命的重要问题相比，它显得微不足道。推动学校使用自由软件，不只是让教育变得稍微“好一点”的一个方法，也是一件关乎“好教育”还是“坏教育”的大事。所以，我们来探讨一下这个更深层次的问题。
 
 学校有一项社会使命：教育学生成为一个坚强、有才能，独立、相互协作并且自由的社会中的一名公民。学校应该像推广保育和选举一样推广自由软件的使用。通过教授自由软件，学生能成为自由的数字化时代的合格公民。这项工作能帮助社会从整体上脱离大集团公司的统治。
 
-In contrast, to teach a nonfree program is implanting dependence, which
-goes counter to the schools’ social mission. Schools should never do
-this.
-
 相比之下，如果我们教学生使用非自由软件，就等同于培养依赖性，这将违背学校的社会使命，学校应该极力避免这种事情的发生。
 
-Why, after all, do some proprietary software developers offer gratis
-copies of their nonfree programs to schools? Because they want to *use*
-the schools to implant dependence on their products, like tobacco
-companies distributing gratis cigarettes to school
-children.[(1)](#FOOT1)
-
 为什么呢？毕竟一些专有软件开发者可以免费给学校的提供非自由程序的副本。那是因为，就像烟草公司免费向学生发放香烟一样，他们希望*利用*学校给学生灌输这种对他们产品的依赖性[^1]。
 
-They will not give gratis copies to
-these students once they’ve graduated, nor to the companies that they go
-to work for. Once you’re dependent, you’re expected to pay, and future
-upgrades may be expensive.
-
 当学生毕业之后，他们就会终止这种免费行为，而且，他们也不会为毕业生就职的公司或机构提供免费服务。你一旦对这些软件形成了依赖，你很可能就会付费，并且之后的升级可能会很昂贵。
 
-Free software permits students to learn how software works. Some
-students, natural-born programmers, on reaching their teens yearn to
-learn everything there is to know about their computer and its software.
-They are intensely curious to read the source code of the programs that
-they use every day.
-
 自由软件可以让学生了解和掌握这些软件的工作原理。有些学生，或者那些天才程序员，青少年时代就对计算机和软件充满好奇心，他们急切地想要获知他们想要知道的一切。他们非常渴望阅读那些他们每天都在使用的软件的源代码。
 
-Proprietary software rejects their thirst for knowledge: it says, “The
-knowledge you want is a secret—learning is forbidden!” Proprietary
-software is the enemy of the spirit of education, so it should not be
-tolerated in a school, except as an object for reverse engineering.
+专有软件阻抑了学生对知识的渴望：他们被告知，“你想要获得的知识是一个秘密，禁止学习！” 专有软件是教育精神的敌人，所以，除非作为反向工程的目的，学校应该拒绝使用它们。
 
-专有软件抑制和阻碍了学生对知识的渴望：他们被告知，“你想要获得的知识是一个秘密，禁止学习！” 专有软件是教育精神的敌人，所以，除非作为反向工程的目的，学校应该拒绝使用它们。
-
-Free software encourages everyone to learn. The free software community
-rejects the “priesthood of technology,” which keeps the general public
-in ignorance of how technology works; we encourage students of any age
-and situation to read the source code and learn as much as they want to
-know.
-
-自由软件鼓励每个人学习。自由软件社区反对“高高在上的技术”——这会让大众对技术的基本原理敬而远之。我们鼓励任何年龄层次学生或个人阅读源代码，而且，我们希望他们学的越多越好。
-
-Schools that use free software will enable gifted programming students
-to advance. How do natural-born programmers learn to be good
-programmers? They need to read and understand real programs that people
-really use. You learn to write good, clear code by reading lots of code
-and writing lots of code. Only free software permits this.
+自由软件鼓励每个人学习。自由软件社区反对“高高在上的技术”——这会让大众对技术的基本原理敬而远之。我们鼓励任何年龄层次学生或个人阅读源代码，而且，我们希望他们学得越多越好。
 
 使用自由软件的学校将会成为那些喜爱编程学生的乐土。你知道喜欢编程的学生是怎样成为优秀的程序员的吗？他们必须要阅读和理解人们真实使用的软件的源代码。通过阅读和编写大量的代码，你才有可能写出高质量清晰的计算机程序。目前来看，只有自由软件允许你这样做。
 
-How do you learn to write code for large programs? You do that by
-writing lots of changes in existing large programs. Free Software lets
-you do this; proprietary software forbids this. Any school can offer its
-students the chance to master the craft of programming, but only if it
-is a free software school.
-
 如何学习为大型软件项目编写代码？最好的办法就是为现有的大型项目编写大量代码。自由软件鼓励你这样做，但专有软件会禁止如此。任何学校都可以给学生提供这种掌握编程技术的机会，但只有使用自由软件的学校才真正有这个可能。
 
-The deepest reason for using free software in schools is for moral
-education. We expect schools to teach students basic facts and useful
-skills, but that is only part of their job. The most fundamental task of
-schools is to teach good citizenship, including the habit of helping
-others. In the area of computing, this means teaching people to share
-software. Schools, starting from nursery school, should tell their
-students, “If you bring software to school, you must share it with the
-other students. You must show the source code to the class, in case
-someone wants to learn. Therefore bringing nonfree software to class is
-not permitted, unless it is for reverse-engineering work.”
-
-学校使用自由软件最深层次原因是可以进行德育教育。我们希望学校教给学生基本的知识和有用的技巧，但是这只是学校工作的一部分。学校最重要的一项职能，就是培养好公民——其中包括助人为乐的习惯。在计算机领域，这就意味着我们需要教授学生分享软件的精神。从幼儿园开始，学校就应该告诉学生，“如果你把软件带到学校来，你应该与其他同学一起分享。万一有人想要学习一下它的工作原理，你应该把源代码展示给大家。所以说，非自由软件最好不要带到学校来，除非出于反向工程的目的。”
-
-Of course, the school must practice what it preaches: it should bring
-only free software to class (except objects for reverse-engineering),
-and share copies including source code with the students so they can
-copy it, take it home, and redistribute it further.
+学校使用自由软件最深层次原因是可以进行德育教育。我们希望学校教给学生基本的知识和有用的技巧，但是这只是学校工作的一部分。学校最根本的一项职能，就是培养好公民——其中包括助人为乐的习惯。在计算机领域，这就意味着我们需要教授学生分享软件的精神。从幼儿园开始，学校就应该告诉学生，“如果你把软件带到学校来，你应该与其他同学一起分享。一旦有人想要学习一下它的工作原理，你就应该把源代码展示给大家。所以说，非自由软件最好不要带到学校来，除非出于反向工程的目的。”
 
 当然，学校必须履行其诺言：在课堂上只允许自由软件出现（除非为了反向工程的目的），在分享软件的同时，源代码也应该一并分享，这样的话，学生们就能复制它们，把它们带回家，甚至还可以将它们再次分享给其他人。
 
-Teaching the students to use free software, and to participate in the
-free software community, is a hands-on civics lesson. It also teaches
-students the role model of public service rather than that of tycoons.
-All levels of school should use free software.
-
 教授学生使用自由软件，让他们参与自由软件社区，就是一门生动鲜活的公民教育课程。这门课程教授将会把学生培养成为具有公共服务精神的行为模范，而不是垄断企业的超级大亨。所有学校都应该使用自由软件。
 
-If you have a relationship with a school—if you are a student, a
-teacher, an employee, an administrator, a donor, or a parent—it’s
-your responsibility to campaign for the school to migrate to free
-software. If a private request doesn’t achieve the goal, raise the issue
-publicly in those communities; that is the way to make more people aware
-of the issue and find allies for the campaign.
-
 如果你和学校有一定联系——如果你是一名学生、一名教师、一位员工、一名管理者、一位捐赠人，或者这些人的父母——你有义务和责任向学校推广自由软件。如果私人请求无法解决这个问题，可将这个问题公开出来提交到社区。这样就能让更多的人意识到这件事情的重要性。你可以寻找同盟，让大家一起发起这项推广自由软件的运动。
 
 ### [(1)](#DOCF1)
 
-@raggedright RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company was fined \$15m in 2002 for
-handing out free samples of cigarettes at events attended by children.
-See
-<http://bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm>.
-@end raggedright
-
 [^1]: 参见 《雷诺烟草公司因向儿童发放卷烟样品，于2002年被罚1500万美元》[RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company was fined \$15m in 2002 for handing out free samples of cigarettes at events attended by children](http://bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm)
-