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+Generator: 'texi2html 1.82'
+description: Untitled Document
+distribution: global
+keywords: Untitled Document
+resource-type: document
+title: Untitled Document
+...
+
+1. GNU Free Documentation License {#gnu-free-documentation-license .chapter}
+=================================
+
+Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
+
++--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
+|   | ``` {.display} |
+| | Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, |
+| | 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
+| | http://fsf.org/ |
+| | |
+| | Everyone is permitted to copy and di |
+| | stribute verbatim copies |
+| | of this license document, but changi |
+| | ng it is not allowed. |
+| | ``` |
++--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
+
+1. **PREAMBLE**
+
+ The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+ functional and useful document *free* in the sense of freedom: to
+ assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
+ with or without modifying it, either commercially
+ or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
+ author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
+ being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
+
+ This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative
+ works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
+ complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
+ license designed for free software.
+
+ We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
+ free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
+ free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
+ that the software does. But this License is not limited to software
+ manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject
+ matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend
+ this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction
+ or reference.
+
+2. **APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS**
+
+ This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
+ that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
+ be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants
+ a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use
+ that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below,
+ refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
+ licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you
+ copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
+ under copyright law.
+
+ A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the
+ Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
+ modifications and/or translated into another language.
+
+ A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section
+ of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
+ publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall
+ subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
+ directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
+ part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
+ any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
+ connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
+ commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
+ regarding them.
+
+ The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
+ are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
+ that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
+ section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is
+ not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain
+ zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any
+ Invariant Sections then there are none.
+
+ The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are
+ listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that
+ says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover
+ Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most
+ 25 words.
+
+ A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+ represented in a format whose specification is available to the
+ general public, that is suitable for revising the document
+ straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
+ of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
+ available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
+ formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
+ suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
+ Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been
+ arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers
+ is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for
+ any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is
+ called “Opaque”.
+
+ Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
+ ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
+ or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
+ simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
+ Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
+ Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
+ edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
+ the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the
+ machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
+ processors for output purposes only.
+
+ The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+ plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
+ material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
+ works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title
+ Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
+ work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+
+ The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies
+ of the Document to the public.
+
+ A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose
+ title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
+ following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
+ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
+ “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To
+ “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document
+ means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according to
+ this definition.
+
+ The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
+ which states that this License applies to the Document. These
+ Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
+ this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
+ implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
+ no effect on the meaning of this License.
+
+3. **VERBATIM COPYING**
+
+ You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+ commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
+ copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
+ applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
+ add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may
+ not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or
+ further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you
+ may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a
+ large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in
+ section 3.
+
+ You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
+ and you may publicly display copies.
+
+4. **COPYING IN QUANTITY**
+
+ If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
+ printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
+ Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
+ copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
+ Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
+ the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
+ you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
+ the full title with all words of the title equally prominent
+ and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
+ Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
+ the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be
+ treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
+
+ If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+ legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as
+ fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
+ adjacent pages.
+
+ If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
+ more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
+ Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
+ each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
+ network-using public has access to download using public-standard
+ network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
+ of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
+ reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
+ copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain
+ thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after
+ the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through
+ your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
+
+ It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
+ the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
+ to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of
+ the Document.
+
+5. **MODIFICATIONS**
+
+ You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
+ the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
+ the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
+ Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
+ distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
+ possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the
+ Modified Version:
+
+ 1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
+ distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
+ versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
+ History section of the Document). You may use the same title as
+ a previous version if the original publisher of that version
+ gives permission.
+ 2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
+ entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
+ Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal
+ authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has
+ fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
+ 3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+ Modified Version, as the publisher.
+ 4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+ 5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+ adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+ 6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
+ notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version
+ under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the
+ Addendum below.
+ 7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
+ Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s
+ license notice.
+ 8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+ 9. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and
+ add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors,
+ and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
+ Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the
+ Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
+ publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
+ an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
+ previous sentence.
+ 10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
+ public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
+ likewise the network locations given in the Document for
+ previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
+ “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work
+ that was published at least four years before the Document
+ itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to
+ gives permission.
+ 11. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
+ Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
+ all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
+ acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
+ 12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
+ in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
+ equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
+ 13. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may
+ not be included in the Modified Version.
+ 14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
+ “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any
+ Invariant Section.
+ 15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+ If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+ appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
+ material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
+ some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
+ titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s
+ license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
+ section titles.
+
+ You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
+ nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
+ parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
+ been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
+ a standard.
+
+ You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and
+ a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the
+ list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
+ Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+ through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
+ already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
+ by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
+ behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one,
+ on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the
+ old one.
+
+ The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
+ License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
+ assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+
+6. **COMBINING DOCUMENTS**
+
+ You may combine the Document with other documents released under
+ this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
+ modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
+ of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
+ unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined
+ work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their
+ Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+ The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+ multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a
+ single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same
+ name but different contents, make the title of each such section
+ unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
+ original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
+ unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the
+ list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
+ combined work.
+
+ In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History”
+ in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
+ “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
+ “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You
+ must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
+
+7. **COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS**
+
+ You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
+ documents released under this License, and replace the individual
+ copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
+ that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
+ rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
+ in all other respects.
+
+ You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
+ distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
+ copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
+ License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
+ that document.
+
+8. **AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS**
+
+ A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
+ and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage
+ or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright
+ resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
+ of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit.
+ When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
+ apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
+ derivative works of the Document.
+
+ If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+ copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
+ of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on
+ covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
+ electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in
+ electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that
+ bracket the whole aggregate.
+
+9. **TRANSLATION**
+
+ Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+ distribute translations of the Document under the terms of
+ section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires
+ special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+ translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+ original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
+ translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
+ Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
+ include the original English version of this License and the
+ original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
+ disagreement between the translation and the original version of
+ this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version
+ will prevail.
+
+ If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
+ “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
+ its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
+ actual title.
+
+10. **TERMINATION**
+
+ You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+ except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
+ otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
+ will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+
+ However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
+ license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
+ provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
+ finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
+ copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
+ reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
+
+ Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+ reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+ violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+ received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
+ that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
+ after your receipt of the notice.
+
+ Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
+ licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
+ under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
+ permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same
+ material does not give you any rights to use it.
+
+11. **FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE**
+
+ The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
+ the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
+ versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
+ differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
+ <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
+
+ Each version of the License is given a distinguishing
+ version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
+ version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you
+ have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that
+ specified version or of any later version that has been published
+ (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
+ does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
+ any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
+ Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
+ decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
+ proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
+ authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
+
+12. **RELICENSING**
+
+ “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any
+ World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
+ provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
+ public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
+ “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site
+ means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
+
+ “CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+ license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
+ corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
+ California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
+ published by that same organization.
+
+ “Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+ in part, as part of another Document.
+
+ An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this
+ License, and if all works that were first published under this
+ License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated
+ in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or
+ invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November
+ 1, 2008.
+
+ The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
+ site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
+ 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
+
+ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents {#addendum-how-to-use-this-license-for-your-documents .heading}
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
+notices just after the title page:
+
++--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
+|   | ``` {.smallexample} |
+| | Copyright (C) year your name. |
+| | Permission is granted to copy, distr |
+| | ibute and/or modify this document |
+| | under the terms of the GNU Free Docu |
+| | mentation License, Version 1.3 or |
+| | any later version published by the F |
+| | ree Software Foundation; with |
+| | no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cove |
+| | r Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. |
+| | A copy of the license is included in |
+| | the section entitled |
+| | ``GNU Free Documentation License''. |
+| | ``` |
++--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
+
+If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
+replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:
+
++--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
+|   | ``` {.smallexample} |
+| | with the Invariant Sections bein |
+| | g list their titles, with |
+| | the Front-Cover Texts being list |
+| | , and with the Back-Cover Texts |
+| | being list. |
+| | ``` |
++--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
+
+If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
+combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
+situation.
+
+If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
+software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
+their use in free software.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This document was generated by *tonghuix* on *March 25, 2016* using
+[*texi2html 1.82*](http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/).\