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diff --git a/docs/foreword-v1.md b/docs/foreword-v1.md index 70f0c4c..8f242db 100644 --- a/docs/foreword-v1.md +++ b/docs/foreword-v1.md @@ -1,220 +1,46 @@ -Foreword to the First Edition {#foreword-to-the-first-edition .unnumbered} -============================= +## 第一版序言 -第一版序言 -=========== +>Copyright © 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\ -@firstcopyingnotice{{Copyright © 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\ - {This foreword was originally published, in 2002, as the introduction -to the first edition. This, the original version, is part of -@fsfsthreecite} - -Every generation has its philosopher—a writer or an -artist who captures the imagination of a time. Sometimes these -philosophers are recognized as such; often it takes generations before -the connection is made real. But recognized or not, a time gets marked -by the people who speak its ideals, whether in the whisper of a poem, or -the blast of a political movement. - -每一个时代都有引领时代发展的哲学家——也许是一个作家亦或一个艺术家。有时这些人家喻户晓,有些则是需要几代人的努力将其理念变为现实。无论是否为人熟知,一个时代正是因为有了这些抒发理想的人才能铭记史册,他们或是盈盈细语于诗歌,或是揭竿而起于政治运动。 - -Our generation has a philosopher. He is not an artist, or a professional -writer. He is a programmer. Richard Stallman began his work in the labs -of MIT, as a programmer and architect building operating system -software. He has built his career on a stage of public life, as a -programmer and an architect founding a movement for freedom in a world -increasingly defined by “code.” +每一个时代都有引领时代发展的哲学家——也许是一个作家亦或一个艺术家。有时这些人家喻户晓,有些则是需要几代人的努力将其理念变为现实。无论是否为人熟知,一个时代会为这些抒发理想的人留下印记,他们或是盈盈细语于诗歌,或是揭竿而起于政治运动。 我们这个时代有一位哲学家。他不是艺术家,也不是专职作家。他是一位程序员。理查德·斯托曼(Richard Stallman)是 MIT 的程序员以及操作系统架构师。作为程序员和架构师,他创立了一项在这个日益由“代码”决定的世界里争取自由的运动,从此开始了他在大众生活舞台上的职业生涯。 -“Code” is the technology that makes computers run. Whether inscribed in -software or burned in hardware, it is the collection of instructions, -first written in words, that directs the functionality of machines. -These machines—computers—increasingly define and control our life. They -determine how phones connect, and what runs on TV. They decide whether -video can be streamed across a broadband link to a computer. They -control what a computer reports back to its manufacturer. These machines -run us. Code runs these machines. - -“代码”是使计算机运行的技术。无论是软件或者烧在硬件上,都是由一系列指挥机器运行的写成文字的指令组成。这些机器——计算机日益定义并控制了我们的生活。它们决定了电话如何接通,电视上播什么节目;它们决定了视频是否能够通过视频流传到计算机上;它们也控制了计算机汇报给其制造商哪些信息。这些机器为我们服务,而代码控制这些机器。 +“代码”是一项使计算机运行的技术。无论是写在软件里或者烧在硬件上,都是由一系列指挥机器运行的写成文字的指令组成。这些机器——计算机日益定义并控制了我们的生活。它们决定了电话如何接通,电视上播什么节目;它们决定了视频是否能够通过视频流传到计算机上;它们也控制了计算机汇报给其制造商哪些信息。这些机器为我们服务,而代码控制这些机器。 -What control should we have over this code? What understanding? What -freedom should there be to match the control it enables? What power? - -我们应该如何控制这些代码?怎么理解它们?又有什么与之相适应的自由控制?有什么样的权力? - -These questions have been the challenge of Stallman’s life. Through his -works and his words, he has pushed us to see the importance of keeping -code “free.” Not free in the sense that code writers don’t get paid, but -free in the sense that the control coders build be transparent to all, -and that anyone have the right to take that control, and modify it as he -or she sees fit. This is “free software”; “free software” is one answer -to a world built in code. +我们应该如何控制这些代码?怎么理解它们?启用控制时应该有什么自由与之匹配?有什么样的权力? 这些问题也挑战着斯托曼的生活。通过他及他的作品,他让我们明白代码“自由”的重要性。这里的 free 并非表示写代码的人不能得到报偿,而是意味着程序员将代码透明给所有人,任何人都可以控制代码,并按照自己的需求修改。这就是“自由软件”;“自由软件”为这个由代码构成的世界做了回答。 -“Free.” Stallman laments the ambiguity in his own term. There’s nothing -to lament. Puzzles force people to think, and this term “free” does this -puzzling work quite well. To modern American ears, “free software” -sounds utopian, impossible. Nothing, not even lunch, is free. How could -the most important words running the most critical machines running the -world be “free.” How could a sane society aspire to such an ideal? - -"Free",斯托曼在解释这个词的时候颇有怨言。然而这并没有什么怨言,模糊的概念迫使人们去思考,"Free"这个词着实足够启发思考。对当代美国人而言,“自由软件”听起了像是乌托邦,完全无法实现的,空洞的,甚至连午餐,也是免费的。那些控制世界上最重要机器的代码怎么能是“免费的”。一个理性的社会怎么能主张这样的理想? - -Yet the odd clink of the word “free” is a function of us, not of the -term. “Free” has different senses, only one of which refers to “price.” -A much more fundamental sense of “free” is the “free,” Stallman says, in -the term “free speech,” or perhaps better in the term “free labor.” Not -free as in costless, but free as in limited in its control by others. -Free software is control that is transparent, and open to change, just -as free laws, or the laws of a “free society,” are free when they make -their control knowable, and open to change. The aim of Stallman’s “free -software movement” is to make as much code as it can transparent, and -subject to change, by rendering it “free.” - -但“free”一次的奇怪意思只是对我们而言,而不是这个词汇本身。Free 一词有很多意思,只有一个是表示免费。更多的则表示是自由。斯托曼说,这个词与“言论自由”或更好的表达“自由劳动”更恰当,并不是表示没有花费,而是没有被他人控制和限制。 - -The mechanism of this rendering is an extraordinarily clever device -called “copyleft” implemented through a license called GPL. Using the -power of copyright law, “free software” not only assures that it remains -open, and subject to change, but that other software that takes and uses -“free software” (and that technically counts as a “derivative”) must -also itself be free. If you use and adapt a free software program, and -then release that adapted version to the public, the released version -must be as free as the version it was adapted from. It must, or the law -of copyright will be violated. +"Free",斯托曼在解释这个词的时候颇有怨言。然而这并没有什么可悲叹的,模糊的概念迫使人们去思考,"Free"这个词着实足够启发思考。对当代美国人而言,“自由软件”听起来像是乌托邦,完全无法实现的,空洞的,甚至连午餐,也是免费的。那些控制世界上最重要机器的代码怎么能是“免费的”。一个理性的社会怎么能主张这样的理想? -这种机制通过一种“copyleft”模式的 GPL 许可证得以体现。基于 copyleft 条款赋予的权力,“自由软件”不仅仅是开放的,更保证了修改自由,且其他使用自由软件(技术上称为“派生”)的也必须是自由的。如果你使用了一个自由软件程序,并公开发布了修改版,那么修改版也和原版一样是自由的。这是必须的,否则会违反版权法。 +但“free”一次的奇怪意思只是对我们而言,而不是这个词汇本身。Free 一词有很多意思,只有一个是表示免费。更多的则表示是自由。斯托曼说,把它称为“言论自由”,或者更准确地说是“自由劳动”较为恰当,并不是表示没有花费,而是没有被他人控制和限制。 -“Free software,” like free societies, has its enemies. Microsoft has -waged a war against the GPL, warning whoever will listen that the GPL is -a “dangerous” license. The dangers it names, however, are largely -illusory. Others object to the “coercion” in GPL’s insistence that -modified versions are also free. But a condition is not coercion. If it -is not coercion for Microsoft to refuse to permit users to distribute -modified versions of its product Office without paying it (presumably) -millions, then it is not coercion when the GPL insists that modified -versions of free software be free too. +这种机制通过一种“copyleft”模式的 GPL 许可证得以体现。基于 copyleft 条款赋予的权力,“自由软件”不仅仅是开放的,更保证了修改自由,且其他使用自由软件(技术上称为“派生”)的也必须是自由的。如果你使用了一个自由软件程序,并公开发布了修改版,那么修改版也和原版一样是自由的。这是必须的,否则会违反版权法。 “自由软件”与自由社会一样,也有其敌人。微软发起了针对 GPL 的战争,警告所有人 GPL 是一种“危险的”许可证。事实上,它说的危险性很大程度上是欺骗性的。还有反对者认为 GPL “强迫”修改版也必须是自由的。光看这一条不能判断是否强迫。微软拒绝允许用户发布修改过的 Office 软件而不需要支付(假设)数百万的费用,如果这还不是强迫的话,那么 GPL 坚持的修改自自由软件的软件也必须是自由的,也不是强迫。 -And then there are those who call Stallman’s message too extreme. But -extreme it is not. Indeed, in an obvious sense, Stallman’s work is a -simple translation of the freedoms that our tradition crafted in the -world before code. “Free software” would assure that the world governed -by code is as “free” as our tradition that built the world before code. - 有些人认为斯托曼的言论太过极端,然者并不极端。事实上,显而易见的,斯托曼的作品只是将代码出现之前世界的自由简单翻译过来了。“自由软件”能确保代码世界的秩序与之前的传统是一样“自由的”。 -For example: A “free society” is regulated by law. But there are limits -that any free society places on this regulation through law: No society -that kept its laws secret could ever be called free. No government that -hid its regulations from the regulated could ever stand in our -tradition. Law controls. But it does so justly only when visibly. And -law is visible only when its terms are knowable and controllable by -those it regulates, or by the agents of those it regulates (lawyers, -legislatures). - 比如:一个“自由的社会”是由法律来规范的。然而任何自由社会的法律对这些都有限制:没有自由社会可以用秘密法律。在传统上没有政府可以对其治理的对象隐藏规范。法律能够起效,只在其公平公开的情况下才可以。只有法律规范的对象对法律可知可控才能是可见,或者是规范对象的代理人(律师或立法者)。 -This condition on law extends beyond the work of a legislature. Think -about the practice of law in American courts. Lawyers are hired by their -clients to advance their clients’ interests. Sometimes that interest is -advanced through litigation. In the course of this litigation, lawyers -write briefs. These briefs in turn affect opinions written by judges. -These opinions decide who wins a particular case, or whether a certain -law can stand consistently with a constitution. - 法律的这种状况超出了立法者的工作。来想想美国法院的司法实践吧。当事人雇用律师来提升其利益,有时候这种利益通过诉讼得以提升。在诉讼过程中,律师写出诉讼状,这些诉讼状反过来影响法官写下的意见。这些意见决定谁能够在案件中获胜,或者某法律条文是否符合宪法的精神。 -All the material in this process is free in the sense that Stallman -means. Legal briefs are open and free for others to use. The arguments -are transparent (which is different from saying they are good) and the -reasoning can be taken without the permission of the original lawyers. -The opinions they produce can be quoted in later briefs. They can be -copied and integrated into another brief or opinion. The “source code” -for American law is by design, and by principle, open and free for -anyone to take. And take lawyers do—for it is a measure of a great brief -that it achieves its creativity through the reuse of what happened -before. The source is free; creativity and an economy is built upon it. - -这个过程中的所有材料都符合斯托曼所说的自由。诉讼简报是公开的,别人可以自由使用。论据是透明的(不等于说就是好的),论证过程也无需原律师的允许就可以拿走。法官意见可以在之后的诉讼摘要里引用,并可以复制或综合到别的诉讼简报或意见中。美国法律的“源代码”在设计上和原则上,对任何使用它的人都是开放和自由的。拿律师来说,借由重复使用之前案件的材料,律师发挥了创造力,可以作出最佳的诉讼简报。原始资料是自由的,创新和经济在其上建立。 - -This economy of free code (and here I mean free legal code) doesn’t -starve lawyers. Law firms have enough incentive to produce great briefs -even though the stuff they build can be taken and copied by anyone else. -The lawyer is a craftsman; his or her product is public. Yet the -crafting is not charity. Lawyers get paid; the public doesn’t demand -such work without price. Instead this economy flourishes, with later -work added to the earlier. +这个过程中的所有材料都符合斯托曼所说的自由。诉讼简报是公开的,别人可以自由使用。论据是透明的(不等于说就是好的),论证过程也无需原律师的允许就可以拿走。法官意见可以在之后的诉讼摘要里引用,并可以复制或综合到别的诉讼简报或意见中。美国法律的“源代码”在设计上和原则上,对任何使用它的人都是开放和自由的。拿律师来说,借由重复使用之前案件的材料,律师发挥了创造力,可以作出最佳的诉讼简报。原始资料是自由的,创新和经济都是在其上建立的。 自由代码(这里指法律代码)的经济并没有扼杀律师。尽管任何人都可以使用和复制他们做成的东西,律师事务所仍然有足够动机来作出好的诉讼简报。律师也是手艺人,他或她的产品是公开的。但是这种工艺不是慈善行为。律师能得到收入,公众没有不给他们工作报酬。相反,这种经济能够蓬勃发展恰是因为之后的工作可以弥补前面的。 -We could imagine a legal practice that was different—briefs and -arguments that were kept secret; rulings that announced a result but not -the reasoning. Laws that were kept by the police but published to no one -else. Regulation that operated without explaining its rule. - 我们来设想一种不同的法律实践——案情和证据都是保密的,判决只有结果而没有论证,法律只有警方把持而其他人看不到,法规条令也不经解释。 -We could imagine this society, but we could not imagine calling it -“free.” Whether or not the incentives in such a society would be better -or more efficiently allocated, such a society could not be known as -free. The ideals of freedom, of life within a free society, demand more -than efficient application. Instead, openness and transparency are the -constraints within which a legal system gets built, not options to be -added if convenient to the leaders. Life governed by software code -should be no less. - 我们尽可以设想这样的社会,但却不能称其为“自由”。无论是否有更好的动机,或更有效率的分配,这样的社会都无法认为是自由的。自由社会中的自由生活理想并不仅仅只是高效的分配。而是在开放和透明的前提下建立法律的限制,不能因为对领导人有利就加入相应的选项。由软件代码治理的生活也不能比这个更差。 -Code writing is not litigation. It is better, richer, more productive. -But the law is an obvious instance of how creativity and incentives do -not depend upon perfect control over the products created. Like jazz, or -novels, or architecture, the law gets built upon the work that went -before. This adding and changing is what creativity always is. And a -free society is one that assures that its most important resources -remain free in just this sense. - 编写代码不是诉讼。它更好,更丰富也更有建设性。创造性和动机并不依赖于创作产品的完全控制,法律就是一个明显的例子。类似爵士乐、小说或者建筑,法律条文是基于既有的基础而建立的。这种增补和改变一直是创新的体现。一个自由的社会必须保证其最重要的资源一直是自由的,这才像话。 -This book collects the writing and lectures of Richard Stallman in a -manner that will make their subtlety and power clear. The essays span a -wide range, from copyright to the history of the free software movement. -They include many arguments not well known, and among these, an -especially insightful account of the changed circumstances that render -copyright in the digital world suspect. They will serve as a resource -for those who seek to understand the thought of this most powerful -man—powerful in his ideas, his passion, and his integrity, even if -powerless in every other way. They will inspire others who would take -these ideas, and build upon them. - -这本书首次以微妙而明确权力的方式,收录了理查德·斯托曼的著作和演讲。这些文章跨度很大,从版权到自由软件运动的历史,包含可许多不为人知的论据,这其中他还很有见地的解释了情况的变化,会使人们成为数字世界版权的嫌疑犯。这些都将成为理解他思想的源泉,理解他的激情和他的正直,即使其他方面都不及此。这些文章将会启发那些接受他的理念并发扬光大的人们。 - -I don’t know Stallman well. I know him well enough to know he is a hard -man to like. He is driven, often impatient. His anger can flare at -friend as easily as foe. He is uncompromising and persistent; patient in -both. - -我并不十分了解斯托曼,但我很清楚他是一个严厉的人。他求胜心切,常常不耐烦。他对朋友可以像对敌人一样火冒三丈。他也很强硬不屈不挠,但却也很有耐心。 - -Yet when our world finally comes to understand the power and danger of -code—when it finally sees that code, like laws, or like government, must -be transparent to be free—then we will look back at this uncompromising -and persistent programmer and recognize the vision he has fought to make -real: the vision of a world where freedom and knowledge survives the -compiler. And we will come to see that no man, through his deeds or -words, has done as much to make possible the freedom that this next -society could have. - -当我们的世界最终理解了代码的威力和危险,终于认识到代码和法律、政府一样,必须透明才能获得自由时,不妨回首看着这位强硬不屈不挠的程序员,会发现到他终身奋斗的景象终于实现:自由和知识可以在编译器下幸存。我们会认识到没有人能像斯托曼这样,可以为社会获得自由而奋斗和发声。 - -We have not earned that freedom yet. We may well fail in securing it. -But whether we succeed or fail, in these essays is a picture of what -that freedom could be. And in the life that produced these words and -works, there is inspiration for anyone who would, like Stallman, fight -to create this freedom. +这本书以一种使之更微妙且权力更明确的方式,收录了理查德·斯托曼的著作和演讲。这些文章跨度很大,从版权到自由软件运动的历史,包含了许多不为人知的论据,这其中他还很有见地的解释了情况的变化,会使人们成为数字世界版权的嫌疑犯。这些都将成为理解他思想的源泉,理解他的激情和他的正直,即使其他方面都不及此。这些文章将会启发那些接受他的理念并将之发扬光大的人们。 + +我并不十分了解斯托曼,但我很清楚他是一个严厉的人。他求胜心切,常常不耐烦。他对朋友可以像对敌人一样火冒三丈。他很强硬,不屈不挠,但却也很有耐心。 + +当我们的世界最终理解了代码的威力和危险,终于认识到代码和法律、政府一样,必须透明才能获得自由时,不妨回首看着这位强硬且不屈不挠的程序员,会发现到他终身奋斗的景象终于实现:自由和知识可以在编译器下幸存。我们会认识到没有人能像斯托曼这样,可以为社会获得自由而奋斗和发声。 然而我们尚没有获得自由。我们在捍卫自由的时候也许会失败。然而无论胜败,这些作品都展现了自由的景象。创作这些作品的生活中,会启发那些就像斯托曼一样,为自由而战的人们。 |