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+/*
+ tests/test_class.cpp -- test py::class_ definitions and basic functionality
+
+ Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+#include "local_bindings.h"
+
+TEST_SUBMODULE(class_, m) {
+ // test_instance
+ struct NoConstructor {
+ static NoConstructor *new_instance() {
+ auto *ptr = new NoConstructor();
+ print_created(ptr, "via new_instance");
+ return ptr;
+ }
+ ~NoConstructor() { print_destroyed(this); }
+ };
+
+ py::class_<NoConstructor>(m, "NoConstructor")
+ .def_static("new_instance", &NoConstructor::new_instance, "Return an instance");
+
+ // test_inheritance
+ class Pet {
+ public:
+ Pet(const std::string &name, const std::string &species)
+ : m_name(name), m_species(species) {}
+ std::string name() const { return m_name; }
+ std::string species() const { return m_species; }
+ private:
+ std::string m_name;
+ std::string m_species;
+ };
+
+ class Dog : public Pet {
+ public:
+ Dog(const std::string &name) : Pet(name, "dog") {}
+ std::string bark() const { return "Woof!"; }
+ };
+
+ class Rabbit : public Pet {
+ public:
+ Rabbit(const std::string &name) : Pet(name, "parrot") {}
+ };
+
+ class Hamster : public Pet {
+ public:
+ Hamster(const std::string &name) : Pet(name, "rodent") {}
+ };
+
+ class Chimera : public Pet {
+ Chimera() : Pet("Kimmy", "chimera") {}
+ };
+
+ py::class_<Pet> pet_class(m, "Pet");
+ pet_class
+ .def(py::init<std::string, std::string>())
+ .def("name", &Pet::name)
+ .def("species", &Pet::species);
+
+ /* One way of declaring a subclass relationship: reference parent's class_ object */
+ py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet_class)
+ .def(py::init<std::string>());
+
+ /* Another way of declaring a subclass relationship: reference parent's C++ type */
+ py::class_<Rabbit, Pet>(m, "Rabbit")
+ .def(py::init<std::string>());
+
+ /* And another: list parent in class template arguments */
+ py::class_<Hamster, Pet>(m, "Hamster")
+ .def(py::init<std::string>());
+
+ /* Constructors are not inherited by default */
+ py::class_<Chimera, Pet>(m, "Chimera");
+
+ m.def("pet_name_species", [](const Pet &pet) { return pet.name() + " is a " + pet.species(); });
+ m.def("dog_bark", [](const Dog &dog) { return dog.bark(); });
+
+ // test_automatic_upcasting
+ struct BaseClass { virtual ~BaseClass() {} };
+ struct DerivedClass1 : BaseClass { };
+ struct DerivedClass2 : BaseClass { };
+
+ py::class_<BaseClass>(m, "BaseClass").def(py::init<>());
+ py::class_<DerivedClass1>(m, "DerivedClass1").def(py::init<>());
+ py::class_<DerivedClass2>(m, "DerivedClass2").def(py::init<>());
+
+ m.def("return_class_1", []() -> BaseClass* { return new DerivedClass1(); });
+ m.def("return_class_2", []() -> BaseClass* { return new DerivedClass2(); });
+ m.def("return_class_n", [](int n) -> BaseClass* {
+ if (n == 1) return new DerivedClass1();
+ if (n == 2) return new DerivedClass2();
+ return new BaseClass();
+ });
+ m.def("return_none", []() -> BaseClass* { return nullptr; });
+
+ // test_isinstance
+ m.def("check_instances", [](py::list l) {
+ return py::make_tuple(
+ py::isinstance<py::tuple>(l[0]),
+ py::isinstance<py::dict>(l[1]),
+ py::isinstance<Pet>(l[2]),
+ py::isinstance<Pet>(l[3]),
+ py::isinstance<Dog>(l[4]),
+ py::isinstance<Rabbit>(l[5]),
+ py::isinstance<UnregisteredType>(l[6])
+ );
+ });
+
+ // test_mismatched_holder
+ struct MismatchBase1 { };
+ struct MismatchDerived1 : MismatchBase1 { };
+
+ struct MismatchBase2 { };
+ struct MismatchDerived2 : MismatchBase2 { };
+
+ m.def("mismatched_holder_1", []() {
+ auto mod = py::module::import("__main__");
+ py::class_<MismatchBase1, std::shared_ptr<MismatchBase1>>(mod, "MismatchBase1");
+ py::class_<MismatchDerived1, MismatchBase1>(mod, "MismatchDerived1");
+ });
+ m.def("mismatched_holder_2", []() {
+ auto mod = py::module::import("__main__");
+ py::class_<MismatchBase2>(mod, "MismatchBase2");
+ py::class_<MismatchDerived2, std::shared_ptr<MismatchDerived2>,
+ MismatchBase2>(mod, "MismatchDerived2");
+ });
+
+ // test_override_static
+ // #511: problem with inheritance + overwritten def_static
+ struct MyBase {
+ static std::unique_ptr<MyBase> make() {
+ return std::unique_ptr<MyBase>(new MyBase());
+ }
+ };
+
+ struct MyDerived : MyBase {
+ static std::unique_ptr<MyDerived> make() {
+ return std::unique_ptr<MyDerived>(new MyDerived());
+ }
+ };
+
+ py::class_<MyBase>(m, "MyBase")
+ .def_static("make", &MyBase::make);
+
+ py::class_<MyDerived, MyBase>(m, "MyDerived")
+ .def_static("make", &MyDerived::make)
+ .def_static("make2", &MyDerived::make);
+
+ // test_implicit_conversion_life_support
+ struct ConvertibleFromUserType {
+ int i;
+
+ ConvertibleFromUserType(UserType u) : i(u.value()) { }
+ };
+
+ py::class_<ConvertibleFromUserType>(m, "AcceptsUserType")
+ .def(py::init<UserType>());
+ py::implicitly_convertible<UserType, ConvertibleFromUserType>();
+
+ m.def("implicitly_convert_argument", [](const ConvertibleFromUserType &r) { return r.i; });
+ m.def("implicitly_convert_variable", [](py::object o) {
+ // `o` is `UserType` and `r` is a reference to a temporary created by implicit
+ // conversion. This is valid when called inside a bound function because the temp
+ // object is attached to the same life support system as the arguments.
+ const auto &r = o.cast<const ConvertibleFromUserType &>();
+ return r.i;
+ });
+ m.add_object("implicitly_convert_variable_fail", [&] {
+ auto f = [](PyObject *, PyObject *args) -> PyObject * {
+ auto o = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::tuple>(args)[0];
+ try { // It should fail here because there is no life support.
+ o.cast<const ConvertibleFromUserType &>();
+ } catch (const py::cast_error &e) {
+ return py::str(e.what()).release().ptr();
+ }
+ return py::str().release().ptr();
+ };
+
+ auto def = new PyMethodDef{"f", f, METH_VARARGS, nullptr};
+ return py::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(PyCFunction_NewEx(def, nullptr, m.ptr()));
+ }());
+
+ // test_operator_new_delete
+ struct HasOpNewDel {
+ std::uint64_t i;
+ static void *operator new(size_t s) { py::print("A new", s); return ::operator new(s); }
+ static void *operator new(size_t s, void *ptr) { py::print("A placement-new", s); return ptr; }
+ static void operator delete(void *p) { py::print("A delete"); return ::operator delete(p); }
+ };
+ struct HasOpNewDelSize {
+ std::uint32_t i;
+ static void *operator new(size_t s) { py::print("B new", s); return ::operator new(s); }
+ static void *operator new(size_t s, void *ptr) { py::print("B placement-new", s); return ptr; }
+ static void operator delete(void *p, size_t s) { py::print("B delete", s); return ::operator delete(p); }
+ };
+ struct AliasedHasOpNewDelSize {
+ std::uint64_t i;
+ static void *operator new(size_t s) { py::print("C new", s); return ::operator new(s); }
+ static void *operator new(size_t s, void *ptr) { py::print("C placement-new", s); return ptr; }
+ static void operator delete(void *p, size_t s) { py::print("C delete", s); return ::operator delete(p); }
+ virtual ~AliasedHasOpNewDelSize() = default;
+ };
+ struct PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize : AliasedHasOpNewDelSize {
+ PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize() = default;
+ PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize(int) { }
+ std::uint64_t j;
+ };
+ struct HasOpNewDelBoth {
+ std::uint32_t i[8];
+ static void *operator new(size_t s) { py::print("D new", s); return ::operator new(s); }
+ static void *operator new(size_t s, void *ptr) { py::print("D placement-new", s); return ptr; }
+ static void operator delete(void *p) { py::print("D delete"); return ::operator delete(p); }
+ static void operator delete(void *p, size_t s) { py::print("D wrong delete", s); return ::operator delete(p); }
+ };
+ py::class_<HasOpNewDel>(m, "HasOpNewDel").def(py::init<>());
+ py::class_<HasOpNewDelSize>(m, "HasOpNewDelSize").def(py::init<>());
+ py::class_<HasOpNewDelBoth>(m, "HasOpNewDelBoth").def(py::init<>());
+ py::class_<AliasedHasOpNewDelSize, PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize> aliased(m, "AliasedHasOpNewDelSize");
+ aliased.def(py::init<>());
+ aliased.attr("size_noalias") = py::int_(sizeof(AliasedHasOpNewDelSize));
+ aliased.attr("size_alias") = py::int_(sizeof(PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize));
+
+ // This test is actually part of test_local_bindings (test_duplicate_local), but we need a
+ // definition in a different compilation unit within the same module:
+ bind_local<LocalExternal, 17>(m, "LocalExternal", py::module_local());
+
+ // test_bind_protected_functions
+ class ProtectedA {
+ protected:
+ int foo() const { return value; }
+
+ private:
+ int value = 42;
+ };
+
+ class PublicistA : public ProtectedA {
+ public:
+ using ProtectedA::foo;
+ };
+
+ py::class_<ProtectedA>(m, "ProtectedA")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1910
+ .def("foo", &PublicistA::foo);
+#else
+ .def("foo", static_cast<int (ProtectedA::*)() const>(&PublicistA::foo));
+#endif
+
+ class ProtectedB {
+ public:
+ virtual ~ProtectedB() = default;
+
+ protected:
+ virtual int foo() const { return value; }
+
+ private:
+ int value = 42;
+ };
+
+ class TrampolineB : public ProtectedB {
+ public:
+ int foo() const override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, ProtectedB, foo, ); }
+ };
+
+ class PublicistB : public ProtectedB {
+ public:
+ using ProtectedB::foo;
+ };
+
+ py::class_<ProtectedB, TrampolineB>(m, "ProtectedB")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1910
+ .def("foo", &PublicistB::foo);
+#else
+ .def("foo", static_cast<int (ProtectedB::*)() const>(&PublicistB::foo));
+#endif
+
+ // test_brace_initialization
+ struct BraceInitialization {
+ int field1;
+ std::string field2;
+ };
+
+ py::class_<BraceInitialization>(m, "BraceInitialization")
+ .def(py::init<int, const std::string &>())
+ .def_readwrite("field1", &BraceInitialization::field1)
+ .def_readwrite("field2", &BraceInitialization::field2);
+
+ // test_reentrant_implicit_conversion_failure
+ // #1035: issue with runaway reentrant implicit conversion
+ struct BogusImplicitConversion {
+ BogusImplicitConversion(const BogusImplicitConversion &) { }
+ };
+
+ py::class_<BogusImplicitConversion>(m, "BogusImplicitConversion")
+ .def(py::init<const BogusImplicitConversion &>());
+
+ py::implicitly_convertible<int, BogusImplicitConversion>();
+}
+
+template <int N> class BreaksBase { public: virtual ~BreaksBase() = default; };
+template <int N> class BreaksTramp : public BreaksBase<N> {};
+// These should all compile just fine:
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<1>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<1>>, BreaksTramp<1>> DoesntBreak1;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<2>, BreaksTramp<2>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<2>>> DoesntBreak2;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<3>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<3>>> DoesntBreak3;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<4>, BreaksTramp<4>> DoesntBreak4;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<5>> DoesntBreak5;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<6>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<6>>, BreaksTramp<6>> DoesntBreak6;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<7>, BreaksTramp<7>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<7>>> DoesntBreak7;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<8>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<8>>> DoesntBreak8;
+#define CHECK_BASE(N) static_assert(std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::type, BreaksBase<N>>::value, \
+ "DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong type!")
+CHECK_BASE(1); CHECK_BASE(2); CHECK_BASE(3); CHECK_BASE(4); CHECK_BASE(5); CHECK_BASE(6); CHECK_BASE(7); CHECK_BASE(8);
+#define CHECK_ALIAS(N) static_assert(DoesntBreak##N::has_alias && std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::type_alias, BreaksTramp<N>>::value, \
+ "DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong type_alias!")
+#define CHECK_NOALIAS(N) static_assert(!DoesntBreak##N::has_alias && std::is_void<typename DoesntBreak##N::type_alias>::value, \
+ "DoesntBreak" #N " has type alias, but shouldn't!")
+CHECK_ALIAS(1); CHECK_ALIAS(2); CHECK_NOALIAS(3); CHECK_ALIAS(4); CHECK_NOALIAS(5); CHECK_ALIAS(6); CHECK_ALIAS(7); CHECK_NOALIAS(8);
+#define CHECK_HOLDER(N, TYPE) static_assert(std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::holder_type, std::TYPE##_ptr<BreaksBase<N>>>::value, \
+ "DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong holder_type!")
+CHECK_HOLDER(1, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(2, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(3, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(4, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(5, unique);
+CHECK_HOLDER(6, shared); CHECK_HOLDER(7, shared); CHECK_HOLDER(8, shared);
+
+// There's no nice way to test that these fail because they fail to compile; leave them here,
+// though, so that they can be manually tested by uncommenting them (and seeing that compilation
+// failures occurs).
+
+// We have to actually look into the type: the typedef alone isn't enough to instantiate the type:
+#define CHECK_BROKEN(N) static_assert(std::is_same<typename Breaks##N::type, BreaksBase<-N>>::value, \
+ "Breaks1 has wrong type!");
+
+//// Two holder classes:
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-1>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-1>>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-1>>> Breaks1;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(1);
+//// Two aliases:
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-2>, BreaksTramp<-2>, BreaksTramp<-2>> Breaks2;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(2);
+//// Holder + 2 aliases
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-3>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-3>>, BreaksTramp<-3>, BreaksTramp<-3>> Breaks3;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(3);
+//// Alias + 2 holders
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-4>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-4>>, BreaksTramp<-4>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<-4>>> Breaks4;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(4);
+//// Invalid option (not a subclass or holder)
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-5>, BreaksTramp<-4>> Breaks5;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(5);
+//// Invalid option: multiple inheritance not supported:
+//template <> struct BreaksBase<-8> : BreaksBase<-6>, BreaksBase<-7> {};
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-8>, BreaksBase<-6>, BreaksBase<-7>> Breaks8;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(8);