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diff --git a/ext/pybind11/tests/test_issues.cpp b/ext/pybind11/tests/test_issues.cpp
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+/*
+ tests/test_issues.cpp -- collection of testcases for miscellaneous issues
+
+ Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+#include <pybind11/stl.h>
+#include <pybind11/operators.h>
+#include <pybind11/complex.h>
+
+#define TRACKERS(CLASS) CLASS() { print_default_created(this); } ~CLASS() { print_destroyed(this); }
+struct NestABase { int value = -2; TRACKERS(NestABase) };
+struct NestA : NestABase { int value = 3; NestA& operator+=(int i) { value += i; return *this; } TRACKERS(NestA) };
+struct NestB { NestA a; int value = 4; NestB& operator-=(int i) { value -= i; return *this; } TRACKERS(NestB) };
+struct NestC { NestB b; int value = 5; NestC& operator*=(int i) { value *= i; return *this; } TRACKERS(NestC) };
+
+/// #393
+class OpTest1 {};
+class OpTest2 {};
+
+OpTest1 operator+(const OpTest1 &, const OpTest1 &) {
+ py::print("Add OpTest1 with OpTest1");
+ return OpTest1();
+}
+OpTest2 operator+(const OpTest2 &, const OpTest2 &) {
+ py::print("Add OpTest2 with OpTest2");
+ return OpTest2();
+}
+OpTest2 operator+(const OpTest2 &, const OpTest1 &) {
+ py::print("Add OpTest2 with OpTest1");
+ return OpTest2();
+}
+
+// #461
+class Dupe1 {
+public:
+ Dupe1(int v) : v_{v} {}
+ int get_value() const { return v_; }
+private:
+ int v_;
+};
+class Dupe2 {};
+class Dupe3 {};
+class DupeException : public std::runtime_error {};
+
+// #478
+template <typename T> class custom_unique_ptr {
+public:
+ custom_unique_ptr() { print_default_created(this); }
+ custom_unique_ptr(T *ptr) : _ptr{ptr} { print_created(this, ptr); }
+ custom_unique_ptr(custom_unique_ptr<T> &&move) : _ptr{move._ptr} { move._ptr = nullptr; print_move_created(this); }
+ custom_unique_ptr &operator=(custom_unique_ptr<T> &&move) { print_move_assigned(this); if (_ptr) destruct_ptr(); _ptr = move._ptr; move._ptr = nullptr; return *this; }
+ custom_unique_ptr(const custom_unique_ptr<T> &) = delete;
+ void operator=(const custom_unique_ptr<T> &copy) = delete;
+ ~custom_unique_ptr() { print_destroyed(this); if (_ptr) destruct_ptr(); }
+private:
+ T *_ptr = nullptr;
+ void destruct_ptr() { delete _ptr; }
+};
+PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, custom_unique_ptr<T>);
+
+/// Issue #528: templated constructor
+struct TplConstrClass {
+ template <typename T> TplConstrClass(const T &arg) : str{arg} {}
+ std::string str;
+ bool operator==(const TplConstrClass &t) const { return t.str == str; }
+};
+namespace std {
+template <> struct hash<TplConstrClass> { size_t operator()(const TplConstrClass &t) const { return std::hash<std::string>()(t.str); } };
+}
+
+
+void init_issues(py::module &m) {
+ py::module m2 = m.def_submodule("issues");
+
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+ // Visual Studio 2015 currently cannot compile this test
+ // (see the comment in type_caster_base::make_copy_constructor)
+ // #70 compilation issue if operator new is not public
+ class NonConstructible { private: void *operator new(size_t bytes) throw(); };
+ py::class_<NonConstructible>(m, "Foo");
+ m2.def("getstmt", []() -> NonConstructible * { return nullptr; },
+ py::return_value_policy::reference);
+#endif
+
+ // #137: const char* isn't handled properly
+ m2.def("print_cchar", [](const char *s) { return std::string(s); });
+
+ // #150: char bindings broken
+ m2.def("print_char", [](char c) { return std::string(1, c); });
+
+ // #159: virtual function dispatch has problems with similar-named functions
+ struct Base { virtual std::string dispatch() const {
+ /* for some reason MSVC2015 can't compile this if the function is pure virtual */
+ return {};
+ }; };
+
+ struct DispatchIssue : Base {
+ virtual std::string dispatch() const {
+ PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(std::string, Base, dispatch, /* no arguments */);
+ }
+ };
+
+ py::class_<Base, DispatchIssue>(m2, "DispatchIssue")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def("dispatch", &Base::dispatch);
+
+ m2.def("dispatch_issue_go", [](const Base * b) { return b->dispatch(); });
+
+ struct Placeholder { int i; Placeholder(int i) : i(i) { } };
+
+ py::class_<Placeholder>(m2, "Placeholder")
+ .def(py::init<int>())
+ .def("__repr__", [](const Placeholder &p) { return "Placeholder[" + std::to_string(p.i) + "]"; });
+
+ // #171: Can't return reference wrappers (or STL datastructures containing them)
+ m2.def("return_vec_of_reference_wrapper", [](std::reference_wrapper<Placeholder> p4) {
+ Placeholder *p1 = new Placeholder{1};
+ Placeholder *p2 = new Placeholder{2};
+ Placeholder *p3 = new Placeholder{3};
+ std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Placeholder>> v;
+ v.push_back(std::ref(*p1));
+ v.push_back(std::ref(*p2));
+ v.push_back(std::ref(*p3));
+ v.push_back(p4);
+ return v;
+ });
+
+ // #181: iterator passthrough did not compile
+ m2.def("iterator_passthrough", [](py::iterator s) -> py::iterator {
+ return py::make_iterator(std::begin(s), std::end(s));
+ });
+
+ // #187: issue involving std::shared_ptr<> return value policy & garbage collection
+ struct ElementBase { virtual void foo() { } /* Force creation of virtual table */ };
+ struct ElementA : ElementBase {
+ ElementA(int v) : v(v) { }
+ int value() { return v; }
+ int v;
+ };
+
+ struct ElementList {
+ void add(std::shared_ptr<ElementBase> e) { l.push_back(e); }
+ std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ElementBase>> l;
+ };
+
+ py::class_<ElementBase, std::shared_ptr<ElementBase>> (m2, "ElementBase");
+
+ py::class_<ElementA, ElementBase, std::shared_ptr<ElementA>>(m2, "ElementA")
+ .def(py::init<int>())
+ .def("value", &ElementA::value);
+
+ py::class_<ElementList, std::shared_ptr<ElementList>>(m2, "ElementList")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def("add", &ElementList::add)
+ .def("get", [](ElementList &el) {
+ py::list list;
+ for (auto &e : el.l)
+ list.append(py::cast(e));
+ return list;
+ });
+
+ // (no id): should not be able to pass 'None' to a reference argument
+ m2.def("get_element", [](ElementA &el) { return el.value(); });
+
+ // (no id): don't cast doubles to ints
+ m2.def("expect_float", [](float f) { return f; });
+ m2.def("expect_int", [](int i) { return i; });
+
+ try {
+ py::class_<Placeholder>(m2, "Placeholder");
+ throw std::logic_error("Expected an exception!");
+ } catch (std::runtime_error &) {
+ /* All good */
+ }
+
+ // Issue #283: __str__ called on uninitialized instance when constructor arguments invalid
+ class StrIssue {
+ public:
+ StrIssue(int i) : val{i} {}
+ StrIssue() : StrIssue(-1) {}
+ int value() const { return val; }
+ private:
+ int val;
+ };
+ py::class_<StrIssue> si(m2, "StrIssue");
+ si .def(py::init<int>())
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def("__str__", [](const StrIssue &si) { return "StrIssue[" + std::to_string(si.value()) + "]"; })
+ ;
+
+ // Issue #328: first member in a class can't be used in operators
+ py::class_<NestABase>(m2, "NestABase").def(py::init<>()).def_readwrite("value", &NestABase::value);
+ py::class_<NestA>(m2, "NestA").def(py::init<>()).def(py::self += int())
+ .def("as_base", [](NestA &a) -> NestABase& { return (NestABase&) a; }, py::return_value_policy::reference_internal);
+ py::class_<NestB>(m2, "NestB").def(py::init<>()).def(py::self -= int()).def_readwrite("a", &NestB::a);
+ py::class_<NestC>(m2, "NestC").def(py::init<>()).def(py::self *= int()).def_readwrite("b", &NestC::b);
+ m2.def("get_NestA", [](const NestA &a) { return a.value; });
+ m2.def("get_NestB", [](const NestB &b) { return b.value; });
+ m2.def("get_NestC", [](const NestC &c) { return c.value; });
+
+ // Issue 389: r_v_p::move should fall-through to copy on non-movable objects
+ class MoveIssue1 {
+ public:
+ MoveIssue1(int v) : v{v} {}
+ MoveIssue1(const MoveIssue1 &c) { v = c.v; }
+ MoveIssue1(MoveIssue1 &&) = delete;
+ int v;
+ };
+ class MoveIssue2 {
+ public:
+ MoveIssue2(int v) : v{v} {}
+ MoveIssue2(MoveIssue2 &&) = default;
+ int v;
+ };
+ py::class_<MoveIssue1>(m2, "MoveIssue1").def(py::init<int>()).def_readwrite("value", &MoveIssue1::v);
+ py::class_<MoveIssue2>(m2, "MoveIssue2").def(py::init<int>()).def_readwrite("value", &MoveIssue2::v);
+ m2.def("get_moveissue1", [](int i) -> MoveIssue1 * { return new MoveIssue1(i); }, py::return_value_policy::move);
+ m2.def("get_moveissue2", [](int i) { return MoveIssue2(i); }, py::return_value_policy::move);
+
+ // Issues 392/397: overridding reference-returning functions
+ class OverrideTest {
+ public:
+ struct A { std::string value = "hi"; };
+ std::string v;
+ A a;
+ explicit OverrideTest(const std::string &v) : v{v} {}
+ virtual std::string str_value() { return v; }
+ virtual std::string &str_ref() { return v; }
+ virtual A A_value() { return a; }
+ virtual A &A_ref() { return a; }
+ };
+ class PyOverrideTest : public OverrideTest {
+ public:
+ using OverrideTest::OverrideTest;
+ std::string str_value() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, OverrideTest, str_value); }
+ // Not allowed (uncommenting should hit a static_assert failure): we can't get a reference
+ // to a python numeric value, since we only copy values in the numeric type caster:
+// std::string &str_ref() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string &, OverrideTest, str_ref); }
+ // But we can work around it like this:
+ private:
+ std::string _tmp;
+ std::string str_ref_helper() { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, OverrideTest, str_ref); }
+ public:
+ std::string &str_ref() override { return _tmp = str_ref_helper(); }
+
+ A A_value() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(A, OverrideTest, A_value); }
+ A &A_ref() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(A &, OverrideTest, A_ref); }
+ };
+ py::class_<OverrideTest::A>(m2, "OverrideTest_A")
+ .def_readwrite("value", &OverrideTest::A::value);
+ py::class_<OverrideTest, PyOverrideTest>(m2, "OverrideTest")
+ .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+ .def("str_value", &OverrideTest::str_value)
+// .def("str_ref", &OverrideTest::str_ref)
+ .def("A_value", &OverrideTest::A_value)
+ .def("A_ref", &OverrideTest::A_ref);
+
+ /// Issue 393: need to return NotSupported to ensure correct arithmetic operator behavior
+ py::class_<OpTest1>(m2, "OpTest1")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def(py::self + py::self);
+
+ py::class_<OpTest2>(m2, "OpTest2")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def(py::self + py::self)
+ .def("__add__", [](const OpTest2& c2, const OpTest1& c1) { return c2 + c1; })
+ .def("__radd__", [](const OpTest2& c2, const OpTest1& c1) { return c2 + c1; });
+
+ // Issue 388: Can't make iterators via make_iterator() with different r/v policies
+ static std::vector<int> list = { 1, 2, 3 };
+ m2.def("make_iterator_1", []() { return py::make_iterator<py::return_value_policy::copy>(list); });
+ m2.def("make_iterator_2", []() { return py::make_iterator<py::return_value_policy::automatic>(list); });
+
+ static std::vector<std::string> nothrows;
+ // Issue 461: registering two things with the same name:
+ py::class_<Dupe1>(m2, "Dupe1")
+ .def("get_value", &Dupe1::get_value)
+ ;
+ m2.def("dupe1_factory", [](int v) { return new Dupe1(v); });
+
+ py::class_<Dupe2>(m2, "Dupe2");
+ py::exception<DupeException>(m2, "DupeException");
+
+ try {
+ m2.def("Dupe1", [](int v) { return new Dupe1(v); });
+ nothrows.emplace_back("Dupe1");
+ }
+ catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
+ try {
+ py::class_<Dupe3>(m2, "dupe1_factory");
+ nothrows.emplace_back("dupe1_factory");
+ }
+ catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
+ try {
+ py::exception<Dupe3>(m2, "Dupe2");
+ nothrows.emplace_back("Dupe2");
+ }
+ catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
+ try {
+ m2.def("DupeException", []() { return 30; });
+ nothrows.emplace_back("DupeException1");
+ }
+ catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
+ try {
+ py::class_<DupeException>(m2, "DupeException");
+ nothrows.emplace_back("DupeException2");
+ }
+ catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
+ m2.def("dupe_exception_failures", []() {
+ py::list l;
+ for (auto &e : nothrows) l.append(py::cast(e));
+ return l;
+ });
+
+ /// Issue #471: shared pointer instance not dellocated
+ class SharedChild : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SharedChild> {
+ public:
+ SharedChild() { print_created(this); }
+ ~SharedChild() { print_destroyed(this); }
+ };
+
+ class SharedParent {
+ public:
+ SharedParent() : child(std::make_shared<SharedChild>()) { }
+ const SharedChild &get_child() const { return *child; }
+
+ private:
+ std::shared_ptr<SharedChild> child;
+ };
+
+ py::class_<SharedChild, std::shared_ptr<SharedChild>>(m, "SharedChild");
+ py::class_<SharedParent, std::shared_ptr<SharedParent>>(m, "SharedParent")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def("get_child", &SharedParent::get_child, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+
+ /// Issue/PR #478: unique ptrs constructed and freed without destruction
+ class SpecialHolderObj {
+ public:
+ int val = 0;
+ SpecialHolderObj *ch = nullptr;
+ SpecialHolderObj(int v, bool make_child = true) : val{v}, ch{make_child ? new SpecialHolderObj(val+1, false) : nullptr}
+ { print_created(this, val); }
+ ~SpecialHolderObj() { delete ch; print_destroyed(this); }
+ SpecialHolderObj *child() { return ch; }
+ };
+
+ py::class_<SpecialHolderObj, custom_unique_ptr<SpecialHolderObj>>(m, "SpecialHolderObj")
+ .def(py::init<int>())
+ .def("child", &SpecialHolderObj::child, pybind11::return_value_policy::reference_internal)
+ .def_readwrite("val", &SpecialHolderObj::val)
+ .def_static("holder_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<custom_unique_ptr<SpecialHolderObj>>,
+ py::return_value_policy::reference);
+
+ /// Issue #484: number conversion generates unhandled exceptions
+ m2.def("test_complex", [](float x) { py::print("{}"_s.format(x)); });
+ m2.def("test_complex", [](std::complex<float> x) { py::print("({}, {})"_s.format(x.real(), x.imag())); });
+
+ /// Issue #511: problem with inheritance + overwritten def_static
+ struct MyBase {
+ static std::unique_ptr<MyBase> make() {
+ return std::unique_ptr<MyBase>(new MyBase());
+ }
+ };
+
+ struct MyDerived : MyBase {
+ static std::unique_ptr<MyDerived> make() {
+ return std::unique_ptr<MyDerived>(new MyDerived());
+ }
+ };
+
+ py::class_<MyBase>(m2, "MyBase")
+ .def_static("make", &MyBase::make);
+
+ py::class_<MyDerived, MyBase>(m2, "MyDerived")
+ .def_static("make", &MyDerived::make)
+ .def_static("make2", &MyDerived::make);
+
+ py::dict d;
+ std::string bar = "bar";
+ d["str"] = bar;
+ d["num"] = 3.7;
+
+ /// Issue #528: templated constructor
+ m2.def("tpl_constr_vector", [](std::vector<TplConstrClass> &) {});
+ m2.def("tpl_constr_map", [](std::unordered_map<TplConstrClass, TplConstrClass> &) {});
+ m2.def("tpl_constr_set", [](std::unordered_set<TplConstrClass> &) {});
+#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL)
+ m2.def("tpl_constr_optional", [](std::optional<TplConstrClass> &) {});
+#elif defined(PYBIND11_HAS_EXP_OPTIONAL)
+ m2.def("tpl_constr_optional", [](std::experimental::optional<TplConstrClass> &) {});
+#endif
+}
+
+// MSVC workaround: trying to use a lambda here crashes MSCV
+test_initializer issues(&init_issues);