summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/configs/common/FSConfig.py
blob: aa00efe609e578ac3f4805d8966bd366676580b3 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
# Copyright (c) 2010-2012, 2015-2018 ARM Limited
# All rights reserved.
#
# The license below extends only to copyright in the software and shall
# not be construed as granting a license to any other intellectual
# property including but not limited to intellectual property relating
# to a hardware implementation of the functionality of the software
# licensed hereunder.  You may use the software subject to the license
# terms below provided that you ensure that this notice is replicated
# unmodified and in its entirety in all distributions of the software,
# modified or unmodified, in source code or in binary form.
#
# Copyright (c) 2010-2011 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
# Copyright (c) 2006-2008 The Regents of The University of Michigan
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
# redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
# neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#
# Authors: Kevin Lim

from __future__ import print_function

from m5.objects import *
from Benchmarks import *
from m5.util import *
from common import PlatformConfig

# Populate to reflect supported os types per target ISA
os_types = { 'alpha' : [ 'linux' ],
             'mips'  : [ 'linux' ],
             'sparc' : [ 'linux' ],
             'x86'   : [ 'linux' ],
             'arm'   : [ 'linux',
                         'android-gingerbread',
                         'android-ics',
                         'android-jellybean',
                         'android-kitkat',
                         'android-nougat', ],
           }

class CowIdeDisk(IdeDisk):
    image = CowDiskImage(child=RawDiskImage(read_only=True),
                         read_only=False)

    def childImage(self, ci):
        self.image.child.image_file = ci

class MemBus(SystemXBar):
    badaddr_responder = BadAddr()
    default = Self.badaddr_responder.pio

def fillInCmdline(mdesc, template, **kwargs):
    kwargs.setdefault('disk', mdesc.disk())
    kwargs.setdefault('rootdev', mdesc.rootdev())
    kwargs.setdefault('mem', mdesc.mem())
    kwargs.setdefault('script', mdesc.script())
    return template % kwargs

def makeLinuxAlphaSystem(mem_mode, mdesc=None, ruby=False, cmdline=None):

    class BaseTsunami(Tsunami):
        ethernet = NSGigE(pci_bus=0, pci_dev=1, pci_func=0)
        ide = IdeController(disks=[Parent.disk0, Parent.disk2],
                            pci_func=0, pci_dev=0, pci_bus=0)

    self = LinuxAlphaSystem()
    if not mdesc:
        # generic system
        mdesc = SysConfig()
    self.readfile = mdesc.script()

    self.tsunami = BaseTsunami()

    # Create the io bus to connect all device ports
    self.iobus = IOXBar()
    self.tsunami.attachIO(self.iobus)

    self.tsunami.ide.pio = self.iobus.master

    self.tsunami.ethernet.pio = self.iobus.master

    if ruby:
        # Store the dma devices for later connection to dma ruby ports.
        # Append an underscore to dma_ports to avoid the SimObjectVector check.
        self._dma_ports = [self.tsunami.ide.dma, self.tsunami.ethernet.dma]
    else:
        self.membus = MemBus()

        # By default the bridge responds to all addresses above the I/O
        # base address (including the PCI config space)
        IO_address_space_base = 0x80000000000
        self.bridge = Bridge(delay='50ns',
                         ranges = [AddrRange(IO_address_space_base, Addr.max)])
        self.bridge.master = self.iobus.slave
        self.bridge.slave = self.membus.master

        self.tsunami.ide.dma = self.iobus.slave
        self.tsunami.ethernet.dma = self.iobus.slave

        self.system_port = self.membus.slave

    self.mem_ranges = [AddrRange(mdesc.mem())]
    self.disk0 = CowIdeDisk(driveID='master')
    self.disk2 = CowIdeDisk(driveID='master')
    self.disk0.childImage(mdesc.disk())
    self.disk2.childImage(disk('linux-bigswap2.img'))
    self.simple_disk = SimpleDisk(disk=RawDiskImage(image_file = mdesc.disk(),
                                               read_only = True))
    self.intrctrl = IntrControl()
    self.mem_mode = mem_mode
    self.terminal = Terminal()
    self.kernel = binary('vmlinux')
    self.pal = binary('ts_osfpal')
    self.console = binary('console')
    if not cmdline:
        cmdline = 'root=/dev/hda1 console=ttyS0'
    self.boot_osflags = fillInCmdline(mdesc, cmdline)

    return self

def makeSparcSystem(mem_mode, mdesc=None, cmdline=None):
    # Constants from iob.cc and uart8250.cc
    iob_man_addr = 0x9800000000
    uart_pio_size = 8

    class CowMmDisk(MmDisk):
        image = CowDiskImage(child=RawDiskImage(read_only=True),
                             read_only=False)

        def childImage(self, ci):
            self.image.child.image_file = ci

    self = SparcSystem()
    if not mdesc:
        # generic system
        mdesc = SysConfig()
    self.readfile = mdesc.script()
    self.iobus = IOXBar()
    self.membus = MemBus()
    self.bridge = Bridge(delay='50ns')
    self.t1000 = T1000()
    self.t1000.attachOnChipIO(self.membus)
    self.t1000.attachIO(self.iobus)
    self.mem_ranges = [AddrRange(Addr('1MB'), size = '64MB'),
                       AddrRange(Addr('2GB'), size ='256MB')]
    self.bridge.master = self.iobus.slave
    self.bridge.slave = self.membus.master
    self.rom.port = self.membus.master
    self.nvram.port = self.membus.master
    self.hypervisor_desc.port = self.membus.master
    self.partition_desc.port = self.membus.master
    self.intrctrl = IntrControl()
    self.disk0 = CowMmDisk()
    self.disk0.childImage(mdesc.disk())
    self.disk0.pio = self.iobus.master

    # The puart0 and hvuart are placed on the IO bus, so create ranges
    # for them. The remaining IO range is rather fragmented, so poke
    # holes for the iob and partition descriptors etc.
    self.bridge.ranges = \
        [
        AddrRange(self.t1000.puart0.pio_addr,
                  self.t1000.puart0.pio_addr + uart_pio_size - 1),
        AddrRange(self.disk0.pio_addr,
                  self.t1000.fake_jbi.pio_addr +
                  self.t1000.fake_jbi.pio_size - 1),
        AddrRange(self.t1000.fake_clk.pio_addr,
                  iob_man_addr - 1),
        AddrRange(self.t1000.fake_l2_1.pio_addr,
                  self.t1000.fake_ssi.pio_addr +
                  self.t1000.fake_ssi.pio_size - 1),
        AddrRange(self.t1000.hvuart.pio_addr,
                  self.t1000.hvuart.pio_addr + uart_pio_size - 1)
        ]
    self.reset_bin = binary('reset_new.bin')
    self.hypervisor_bin = binary('q_new.bin')
    self.openboot_bin = binary('openboot_new.bin')
    self.nvram_bin = binary('nvram1')
    self.hypervisor_desc_bin = binary('1up-hv.bin')
    self.partition_desc_bin = binary('1up-md.bin')

    self.system_port = self.membus.slave

    return self

def makeArmSystem(mem_mode, machine_type, num_cpus=1, mdesc=None,
                  dtb_filename=None, bare_metal=False, cmdline=None,
                  external_memory="", ruby=False, security=False,
                  ignore_dtb=False):
    assert machine_type

    default_dtbs = {
        "RealViewEB": None,
        "RealViewPBX": None,
        "VExpress_EMM": "vexpress.aarch32.ll_20131205.0-gem5.%dcpu.dtb" % num_cpus,
        "VExpress_EMM64": "vexpress.aarch64.20140821.dtb",
    }

    default_kernels = {
        "RealViewEB": "vmlinux.arm.smp.fb.2.6.38.8",
        "RealViewPBX": "vmlinux.arm.smp.fb.2.6.38.8",
        "VExpress_EMM": "vmlinux.aarch32.ll_20131205.0-gem5",
        "VExpress_EMM64": "vmlinux.aarch64.20140821",
    }

    pci_devices = []

    if bare_metal:
        self = ArmSystem()
    else:
        self = LinuxArmSystem()

    if not mdesc:
        # generic system
        mdesc = SysConfig()

    self.readfile = mdesc.script()
    self.iobus = IOXBar()
    if not ruby:
        self.bridge = Bridge(delay='50ns')
        self.bridge.master = self.iobus.slave
        self.membus = MemBus()
        self.membus.badaddr_responder.warn_access = "warn"
        self.bridge.slave = self.membus.master

    self.mem_mode = mem_mode

    platform_class = PlatformConfig.get(machine_type)
    # Resolve the real platform name, the original machine_type
    # variable might have been an alias.
    machine_type = platform_class.__name__
    self.realview = platform_class()

    if not dtb_filename and not (bare_metal or ignore_dtb):
        try:
            dtb_filename = default_dtbs[machine_type]
        except KeyError:
            fatal("No DTB specified and no default DTB known for '%s'" % \
                  machine_type)

    if isinstance(self.realview, VExpress_EMM64):
        if os.path.split(mdesc.disk())[-1] == 'linux-aarch32-ael.img':
            print("Selected 64-bit ARM architecture, updating default "
                  "disk image...")
            mdesc.diskname = 'linaro-minimal-aarch64.img'


    # Attach any PCI devices this platform supports
    self.realview.attachPciDevices()

    self.cf0 = CowIdeDisk(driveID='master')
    self.cf0.childImage(mdesc.disk())
    # Old platforms have a built-in IDE or CF controller. Default to
    # the IDE controller if both exist. New platforms expect the
    # storage controller to be added from the config script.
    if hasattr(self.realview, "ide"):
        self.realview.ide.disks = [self.cf0]
    elif hasattr(self.realview, "cf_ctrl"):
        self.realview.cf_ctrl.disks = [self.cf0]
    else:
        self.pci_ide = IdeController(disks=[self.cf0])
        pci_devices.append(self.pci_ide)

    self.mem_ranges = []
    size_remain = long(Addr(mdesc.mem()))
    for region in self.realview._mem_regions:
        if size_remain > long(region[1]):
            self.mem_ranges.append(AddrRange(region[0], size=region[1]))
            size_remain = size_remain - long(region[1])
        else:
            self.mem_ranges.append(AddrRange(region[0], size=size_remain))
            size_remain = 0
            break
        warn("Memory size specified spans more than one region. Creating" \
             " another memory controller for that range.")

    if size_remain > 0:
        fatal("The currently selected ARM platforms doesn't support" \
              " the amount of DRAM you've selected. Please try" \
              " another platform")

    self.have_security = security

    if bare_metal:
        # EOT character on UART will end the simulation
        self.realview.uart[0].end_on_eot = True
    else:
        if machine_type in default_kernels:
            self.kernel = binary(default_kernels[machine_type])

        if dtb_filename and not ignore_dtb:
            self.dtb_filename = binary(dtb_filename)

        self.machine_type = machine_type if machine_type in ArmMachineType.map \
                            else "DTOnly"

        # Ensure that writes to the UART actually go out early in the boot
        if not cmdline:
            cmdline = 'earlyprintk=pl011,0x1c090000 console=ttyAMA0 ' + \
                      'lpj=19988480 norandmaps rw loglevel=8 ' + \
                      'mem=%(mem)s root=%(rootdev)s'

        # When using external memory, gem5 writes the boot loader to nvmem
        # and then SST will read from it, but SST can only get to nvmem from
        # iobus, as gem5's membus is only used for initialization and
        # SST doesn't use it.  Attaching nvmem to iobus solves this issue.
        # During initialization, system_port -> membus -> iobus -> nvmem.
        if external_memory:
            self.realview.setupBootLoader(self.iobus,  self, binary)
        elif ruby:
            self.realview.setupBootLoader(None, self, binary)
        else:
            self.realview.setupBootLoader(self.membus, self, binary)
        self.gic_cpu_addr = self.realview.gic.cpu_addr
        self.flags_addr = self.realview.realview_io.pio_addr + 0x30

        # This check is for users who have previously put 'android' in
        # the disk image filename to tell the config scripts to
        # prepare the kernel with android-specific boot options. That
        # behavior has been replaced with a more explicit option per
        # the error message below. The disk can have any name now and
        # doesn't need to include 'android' substring.
        if (os.path.split(mdesc.disk())[-1]).lower().count('android'):
            if 'android' not in mdesc.os_type():
                fatal("It looks like you are trying to boot an Android " \
                      "platform.  To boot Android, you must specify " \
                      "--os-type with an appropriate Android release on " \
                      "the command line.")

        # android-specific tweaks
        if 'android' in mdesc.os_type():
            # generic tweaks
            cmdline += " init=/init"

            # release-specific tweaks
            if 'kitkat' in mdesc.os_type():
                cmdline += " androidboot.hardware=gem5 qemu=1 qemu.gles=0 " + \
                           "android.bootanim=0 "
            elif 'nougat' in mdesc.os_type():
                cmdline += " androidboot.hardware=gem5 qemu=1 qemu.gles=0 " + \
                           "android.bootanim=0 " + \
                           "vmalloc=640MB " + \
                           "android.early.fstab=/fstab.gem5 " + \
                           "androidboot.selinux=permissive " + \
                           "video=Virtual-1:1920x1080-16"

        self.boot_osflags = fillInCmdline(mdesc, cmdline)

    if external_memory:
        # I/O traffic enters iobus
        self.external_io = ExternalMaster(port_data="external_io",
                                          port_type=external_memory)
        self.external_io.port = self.iobus.slave

        # Ensure iocache only receives traffic destined for (actual) memory.
        self.iocache = ExternalSlave(port_data="iocache",
                                     port_type=external_memory,
                                     addr_ranges=self.mem_ranges)
        self.iocache.port = self.iobus.master

        # Let system_port get to nvmem and nothing else.
        self.bridge.ranges = [self.realview.nvmem.range]

        self.realview.attachOnChipIO(self.iobus)
        # Attach off-chip devices
        self.realview.attachIO(self.iobus)
    elif ruby:
        self._dma_ports = [ ]
        self.realview.attachOnChipIO(self.iobus, dma_ports=self._dma_ports)
        self.realview.attachIO(self.iobus, dma_ports=self._dma_ports)
    else:
        self.realview.attachOnChipIO(self.membus, self.bridge)
        # Attach off-chip devices
        self.realview.attachIO(self.iobus)

    for dev_id, dev in enumerate(pci_devices):
        dev.pci_bus, dev.pci_dev, dev.pci_func = (0, dev_id + 1, 0)
        self.realview.attachPciDevice(
            dev, self.iobus,
            dma_ports=self._dma_ports if ruby else None)

    self.intrctrl = IntrControl()
    self.terminal = Terminal()
    self.vncserver = VncServer()

    if not ruby:
        self.system_port = self.membus.slave

    if ruby:
        if buildEnv['PROTOCOL'] == 'MI_example' and num_cpus > 1:
            fatal("The MI_example protocol cannot implement Load/Store "
                  "Exclusive operations. Multicore ARM systems configured "
                  "with the MI_example protocol will not work properly.")
        warn("You are trying to use Ruby on ARM, which is not working "
             "properly yet.")

    return self


def makeLinuxMipsSystem(mem_mode, mdesc=None, cmdline=None):
    class BaseMalta(Malta):
        ethernet = NSGigE(pci_bus=0, pci_dev=1, pci_func=0)
        ide = IdeController(disks=[Parent.disk0, Parent.disk2],
                            pci_func=0, pci_dev=0, pci_bus=0)

    self = LinuxMipsSystem()
    if not mdesc:
        # generic system
        mdesc = SysConfig()
    self.readfile = mdesc.script()
    self.iobus = IOXBar()
    self.membus = MemBus()
    self.bridge = Bridge(delay='50ns')
    self.mem_ranges = [AddrRange('1GB')]
    self.bridge.master = self.iobus.slave
    self.bridge.slave = self.membus.master
    self.disk0 = CowIdeDisk(driveID='master')
    self.disk2 = CowIdeDisk(driveID='master')
    self.disk0.childImage(mdesc.disk())
    self.disk2.childImage(disk('linux-bigswap2.img'))
    self.malta = BaseMalta()
    self.malta.attachIO(self.iobus)
    self.malta.ide.pio = self.iobus.master
    self.malta.ide.dma = self.iobus.slave
    self.malta.ethernet.pio = self.iobus.master
    self.malta.ethernet.dma = self.iobus.slave
    self.simple_disk = SimpleDisk(disk=RawDiskImage(image_file = mdesc.disk(),
                                               read_only = True))
    self.intrctrl = IntrControl()
    self.mem_mode = mem_mode
    self.terminal = Terminal()
    self.kernel = binary('mips/vmlinux')
    self.console = binary('mips/console')
    if not cmdline:
        cmdline = 'root=/dev/hda1 console=ttyS0'
    self.boot_osflags = fillInCmdline(mdesc, cmdline)

    self.system_port = self.membus.slave

    return self

def x86IOAddress(port):
    IO_address_space_base = 0x8000000000000000
    return IO_address_space_base + port

def connectX86ClassicSystem(x86_sys, numCPUs):
    # Constants similar to x86_traits.hh
    IO_address_space_base = 0x8000000000000000
    pci_config_address_space_base = 0xc000000000000000
    interrupts_address_space_base = 0xa000000000000000
    APIC_range_size = 1 << 12;

    x86_sys.membus = MemBus()

    # North Bridge
    x86_sys.iobus = IOXBar()
    x86_sys.bridge = Bridge(delay='50ns')
    x86_sys.bridge.master = x86_sys.iobus.slave
    x86_sys.bridge.slave = x86_sys.membus.master
    # Allow the bridge to pass through:
    #  1) kernel configured PCI device memory map address: address range
    #     [0xC0000000, 0xFFFF0000). (The upper 64kB are reserved for m5ops.)
    #  2) the bridge to pass through the IO APIC (two pages, already contained in 1),
    #  3) everything in the IO address range up to the local APIC, and
    #  4) then the entire PCI address space and beyond.
    x86_sys.bridge.ranges = \
        [
        AddrRange(0xC0000000, 0xFFFF0000),
        AddrRange(IO_address_space_base,
                  interrupts_address_space_base - 1),
        AddrRange(pci_config_address_space_base,
                  Addr.max)
        ]

    # Create a bridge from the IO bus to the memory bus to allow access to
    # the local APIC (two pages)
    x86_sys.apicbridge = Bridge(delay='50ns')
    x86_sys.apicbridge.slave = x86_sys.iobus.master
    x86_sys.apicbridge.master = x86_sys.membus.slave
    x86_sys.apicbridge.ranges = [AddrRange(interrupts_address_space_base,
                                           interrupts_address_space_base +
                                           numCPUs * APIC_range_size
                                           - 1)]

    # connect the io bus
    x86_sys.pc.attachIO(x86_sys.iobus)

    x86_sys.system_port = x86_sys.membus.slave

def connectX86RubySystem(x86_sys):
    # North Bridge
    x86_sys.iobus = IOXBar()

    # add the ide to the list of dma devices that later need to attach to
    # dma controllers
    x86_sys._dma_ports = [x86_sys.pc.south_bridge.ide.dma]
    x86_sys.pc.attachIO(x86_sys.iobus, x86_sys._dma_ports)


def makeX86System(mem_mode, numCPUs=1, mdesc=None, self=None, Ruby=False):
    if self == None:
        self = X86System()

    if not mdesc:
        # generic system
        mdesc = SysConfig()
    self.readfile = mdesc.script()

    self.mem_mode = mem_mode

    # Physical memory
    # On the PC platform, the memory region 0xC0000000-0xFFFFFFFF is reserved
    # for various devices.  Hence, if the physical memory size is greater than
    # 3GB, we need to split it into two parts.
    excess_mem_size = \
        convert.toMemorySize(mdesc.mem()) - convert.toMemorySize('3GB')
    if excess_mem_size <= 0:
        self.mem_ranges = [AddrRange(mdesc.mem())]
    else:
        warn("Physical memory size specified is %s which is greater than " \
             "3GB.  Twice the number of memory controllers would be " \
             "created."  % (mdesc.mem()))

        self.mem_ranges = [AddrRange('3GB'),
            AddrRange(Addr('4GB'), size = excess_mem_size)]

    # Platform
    self.pc = Pc()

    # Create and connect the busses required by each memory system
    if Ruby:
        connectX86RubySystem(self)
    else:
        connectX86ClassicSystem(self, numCPUs)

    self.intrctrl = IntrControl()

    # Disks
    disk0 = CowIdeDisk(driveID='master')
    disk2 = CowIdeDisk(driveID='master')
    disk0.childImage(mdesc.disk())
    disk2.childImage(disk('linux-bigswap2.img'))
    self.pc.south_bridge.ide.disks = [disk0, disk2]

    # Add in a Bios information structure.
    structures = [X86SMBiosBiosInformation()]
    self.smbios_table.structures = structures

    # Set up the Intel MP table
    base_entries = []
    ext_entries = []
    for i in xrange(numCPUs):
        bp = X86IntelMPProcessor(
                local_apic_id = i,
                local_apic_version = 0x14,
                enable = True,
                bootstrap = (i == 0))
        base_entries.append(bp)
    io_apic = X86IntelMPIOAPIC(
            id = numCPUs,
            version = 0x11,
            enable = True,
            address = 0xfec00000)
    self.pc.south_bridge.io_apic.apic_id = io_apic.id
    base_entries.append(io_apic)
    # In gem5 Pc::calcPciConfigAddr(), it required "assert(bus==0)",
    # but linux kernel cannot config PCI device if it was not connected to PCI bus,
    # so we fix PCI bus id to 0, and ISA bus id to 1.
    pci_bus = X86IntelMPBus(bus_id = 0, bus_type='PCI   ')
    base_entries.append(pci_bus)
    isa_bus = X86IntelMPBus(bus_id = 1, bus_type='ISA   ')
    base_entries.append(isa_bus)
    connect_busses = X86IntelMPBusHierarchy(bus_id=1,
            subtractive_decode=True, parent_bus=0)
    ext_entries.append(connect_busses)
    pci_dev4_inta = X86IntelMPIOIntAssignment(
            interrupt_type = 'INT',
            polarity = 'ConformPolarity',
            trigger = 'ConformTrigger',
            source_bus_id = 0,
            source_bus_irq = 0 + (4 << 2),
            dest_io_apic_id = io_apic.id,
            dest_io_apic_intin = 16)
    base_entries.append(pci_dev4_inta)
    def assignISAInt(irq, apicPin):
        assign_8259_to_apic = X86IntelMPIOIntAssignment(
                interrupt_type = 'ExtInt',
                polarity = 'ConformPolarity',
                trigger = 'ConformTrigger',
                source_bus_id = 1,
                source_bus_irq = irq,
                dest_io_apic_id = io_apic.id,
                dest_io_apic_intin = 0)
        base_entries.append(assign_8259_to_apic)
        assign_to_apic = X86IntelMPIOIntAssignment(
                interrupt_type = 'INT',
                polarity = 'ConformPolarity',
                trigger = 'ConformTrigger',
                source_bus_id = 1,
                source_bus_irq = irq,
                dest_io_apic_id = io_apic.id,
                dest_io_apic_intin = apicPin)
        base_entries.append(assign_to_apic)
    assignISAInt(0, 2)
    assignISAInt(1, 1)
    for i in range(3, 15):
        assignISAInt(i, i)
    self.intel_mp_table.base_entries = base_entries
    self.intel_mp_table.ext_entries = ext_entries

def makeLinuxX86System(mem_mode, numCPUs=1, mdesc=None, Ruby=False,
                       cmdline=None):
    self = LinuxX86System()

    # Build up the x86 system and then specialize it for Linux
    makeX86System(mem_mode, numCPUs, mdesc, self, Ruby)

    # We assume below that there's at least 1MB of memory. We'll require 2
    # just to avoid corner cases.
    phys_mem_size = sum(map(lambda r: r.size(), self.mem_ranges))
    assert(phys_mem_size >= 0x200000)
    assert(len(self.mem_ranges) <= 2)

    entries = \
       [
        # Mark the first megabyte of memory as reserved
        X86E820Entry(addr = 0, size = '639kB', range_type = 1),
        X86E820Entry(addr = 0x9fc00, size = '385kB', range_type = 2),
        # Mark the rest of physical memory as available
        X86E820Entry(addr = 0x100000,
                size = '%dB' % (self.mem_ranges[0].size() - 0x100000),
                range_type = 1),
        ]

    # Mark [mem_size, 3GB) as reserved if memory less than 3GB, which force
    # IO devices to be mapped to [0xC0000000, 0xFFFF0000). Requests to this
    # specific range can pass though bridge to iobus.
    if len(self.mem_ranges) == 1:
        entries.append(X86E820Entry(addr = self.mem_ranges[0].size(),
            size='%dB' % (0xC0000000 - self.mem_ranges[0].size()),
            range_type=2))

    # Reserve the last 16kB of the 32-bit address space for the m5op interface
    entries.append(X86E820Entry(addr=0xFFFF0000, size='64kB', range_type=2))

    # In case the physical memory is greater than 3GB, we split it into two
    # parts and add a separate e820 entry for the second part.  This entry
    # starts at 0x100000000,  which is the first address after the space
    # reserved for devices.
    if len(self.mem_ranges) == 2:
        entries.append(X86E820Entry(addr = 0x100000000,
            size = '%dB' % (self.mem_ranges[1].size()), range_type = 1))

    self.e820_table.entries = entries

    # Command line
    if not cmdline:
        cmdline = 'earlyprintk=ttyS0 console=ttyS0 lpj=7999923 root=/dev/hda1'
    self.boot_osflags = fillInCmdline(mdesc, cmdline)
    self.kernel = binary('x86_64-vmlinux-2.6.22.9')
    return self


def makeDualRoot(full_system, testSystem, driveSystem, dumpfile):
    self = Root(full_system = full_system)
    self.testsys = testSystem
    self.drivesys = driveSystem
    self.etherlink = EtherLink()

    if hasattr(testSystem, 'realview'):
        self.etherlink.int0 = Parent.testsys.realview.ethernet.interface
        self.etherlink.int1 = Parent.drivesys.realview.ethernet.interface
    elif hasattr(testSystem, 'tsunami'):
        self.etherlink.int0 = Parent.testsys.tsunami.ethernet.interface
        self.etherlink.int1 = Parent.drivesys.tsunami.ethernet.interface
    else:
        fatal("Don't know how to connect these system together")

    if dumpfile:
        self.etherdump = EtherDump(file=dumpfile)
        self.etherlink.dump = Parent.etherdump

    return self


def makeDistRoot(testSystem,
                 rank,
                 size,
                 server_name,
                 server_port,
                 sync_repeat,
                 sync_start,
                 linkspeed,
                 linkdelay,
                 dumpfile):
    self = Root(full_system = True)
    self.testsys = testSystem

    self.etherlink = DistEtherLink(speed = linkspeed,
                                   delay = linkdelay,
                                   dist_rank = rank,
                                   dist_size = size,
                                   server_name = server_name,
                                   server_port = server_port,
                                   sync_start = sync_start,
                                   sync_repeat = sync_repeat)

    if hasattr(testSystem, 'realview'):
        self.etherlink.int0 = Parent.testsys.realview.ethernet.interface
    elif hasattr(testSystem, 'tsunami'):
        self.etherlink.int0 = Parent.testsys.tsunami.ethernet.interface
    else:
        fatal("Don't know how to connect DistEtherLink to this system")

    if dumpfile:
        self.etherdump = EtherDump(file=dumpfile)
        self.etherlink.dump = Parent.etherdump

    return self