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<div id="header">
<h1>NVIDIA Falcon Security</h1>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>NVIDIA GPUs embed several microprocessors based on a custom architecture called
"Falcon". Starting with the Maxwell family of GPUs, these microprocessors are
changing to be able to better protect the hardware from being misprogrammed.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_falcon_security_modes">Falcon security modes</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>A Falcon microprocessor supporting advanced security modes can run in one of
three modes. Not all Falcon microprocessors on a GPU support all modes.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Non-secure (NS). In this mode, functionality is similar to Falcon
architectures before security modes were introduced (pre-Maxwell), but
capability is restricted. In particular, certain registers may be
inaccessible for reads and/or writes, and physical memory access may be
disabled (on certain Falcon instances).
This is the only possible mode that can be used if you don’t have
microcode cryptographically signed by NVIDIA.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Heavy Secure (HS). In this mode, the microprocessor is a black box — it’s
not possible to read or write any Falcon internal state or Falcon registers
from outside the Falcon (for example, from the host system). The only way to
enable this mode is by loading microcode that has been signed by NVIDIA.
(The loading process involves tagging the IMEM block as secure, writing the
signature into a Falcon register, and starting execution. The hardware will
validate the signature, and if valid, grant HS privileges.)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Light Secure (LS). In this mode, the microprocessor has more privileges than
NS but fewer than HS. Some of the microprocessor state is visible to host
software to ease debugging. The only way to enable this mode is by HS
microcode enabling LS mode. Some privileges available to HS mode are not
available here. LS mode is introduced in GM20x.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_gm10x">GM10x</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The intent for GM10x is to protect fuses and ROM from being written by
incorrect or malicious software.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is implemented by preventing access to select GPU registers from anything
other than a Falcon running in a secure mode.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_gm20x">GM20x</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The intent for GM20x is to improve upon the GM10x implementation and add some
protection to the configuration of the hardware thermal shutdown mechanism.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In addition to the registers protected by GM10x:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Thermal shutdown registers are protected and can only be written from a
secure microprocessor context. These registers can be broken down into two
categories:
</p>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Thermal sensor setup
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The temperature beyond which hardware triggers a forced shutdown to
prevent damage.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
I<sup>2</sup>C bus C writes are restricted to a secure context, to prevent
misprogramming thermal sensors.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
A new mechanism is introduced to prevent microcode tampering after load. This
is achieved by placing microcode in a write-protected region of memory.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Physical memory access restrictions are introduced. On all Falcons other
than PMU (the "kitchen sink" Falcon) and DPU (the Falcon that services
display), microprocessors running in NS mode will be unable to access
physical memory (they may use virtual memory exclusively). In particular,
this includes all microprocessors which perform work directly in response to
userspace requests.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Devinit scripts are signed and executed on the PMU so that these scripts can
configure protected registers like thermal shutdown parameters.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated Tue Sep 23 08:31:37 PDT 2014
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