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diff --git a/docs/edu-schools.md b/docs/edu-schools.md
index bb47311..87a6b77 100644
--- a/docs/edu-schools.md
+++ b/docs/edu-schools.md
@@ -1,155 +1,42 @@
-1. Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software {#why-schools-should-exclusively-use-freesoftware .chapter}
-===================================================
-
 为什么学校应该只使用自由软件
 =============
 
 > Copyright © 2003, 2009, 2014 Richard Stallman 此文最早于2003年发布在 <http://gnu.org>。 参考中译 JODOO <http://blog.fujiji.com/why-schools-should-exclusively-use-free-software/> 2015年10月，略有改动
 
-Educational activities (including schools) have a moral duty to teach
-only free software.
-
 教育活动（包括学校里的），有道义责任只教授自由软件。
 
-All computer users ought to insist on free software: it gives users the
-freedom to control their own computers—with proprietary software, the
-program does what its owner or developer wants it to do, not what the
-user wants it to do. Free software also gives users the freedom to
-cooperate with each other, to lead an upright life. These reasons apply
-to schools as they do to everyone. However, the purpose of this article
-is to present the additional reasons that apply specifically to
-education.
-
 所有计算机用户都应该坚持使用自由软件：你会获得控制你计算机的权利。而专有软件，更愿意做其拥有者或开发者想要做的事情，而不是用户想让它们做的事情。自由软件还会赋予用户自由协作的权利，这将会引领一种积极向上的生活方式。这些理由适用于学校，而且也适用于每个人。但是，本文的目的不仅限于此，还会讲到专门适用于教育的特殊原因。
 
-Free software can save schools money, but this is a secondary benefit.
-Savings are possible because free software gives schools, like other
-users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the software; the school
-system can give a copy to every school, and each school can install the
-program in all its computers, with no obligation to pay for doing so.
-
 自由软件帮助学校节省资金只是一个附带好处。节省资金是因为自由软件赋予学校，如同赋予其他个人用户那样，自由复制和分发软件的权利。教育系统可以给每一所学校一份副本，而且每一所学校都可以将其安装在学校的每一台电脑上，这样做无需任何直接花费。
 
-This benefit is useful, but we firmly refuse to give it first place,
-because it is shallow compared to the important ethical issues at stake.
-Moving schools to free software is more than a way to make education a
-little “better”: it is a matter of doing good education instead of bad
-education. So let’s consider the deeper issues.
-
-尽管这项好处很有用，但我们坚定地拒绝将其置于首位，因为这样做的风险和道义层面的重要性问题相比，似乎显得微不足道。推动学校使用自由软件，不只是让教育变得稍微“好一点”的一个方法，也是一件关乎“好教育”还是“坏教育”的大事。所以，我们来探讨一下这个更深层次的问题。
-
-Schools have a social mission: to teach students to be citizens of a
-strong, capable, independent, cooperating and free society. They should
-promote the use of free software just as they promote conservation and
-voting. By teaching students free software, they can graduate citizens
-ready to live in a free digital society. This will help society as a
-whole escape from being dominated by megacorporations.
+尽管这项好处很有用，但我们坚定地拒绝将其置于首位，因为和道义层面要命的重要问题相比，它显得微不足道。推动学校使用自由软件，不只是让教育变得稍微“好一点”的一个方法，也是一件关乎“好教育”还是“坏教育”的大事。所以，我们来探讨一下这个更深层次的问题。
 
 学校有一项社会使命：教育学生成为一个坚强、有才能，独立、相互协作并且自由的社会中的一名公民。学校应该像推广保育和选举一样推广自由软件的使用。通过教授自由软件，学生能成为自由的数字化时代的合格公民。这项工作能帮助社会从整体上脱离大集团公司的统治。
 
-In contrast, to teach a nonfree program is implanting dependence, which
-goes counter to the schools’ social mission. Schools should never do
-this.
-
 相比之下，如果我们教学生使用非自由软件，就等同于培养依赖性，这将违背学校的社会使命，学校应该极力避免这种事情的发生。
 
-Why, after all, do some proprietary software developers offer gratis
-copies of their nonfree programs to schools? Because they want to *use*
-the schools to implant dependence on their products, like tobacco
-companies distributing gratis cigarettes to school
-children.[(1)](#FOOT1)
-
 为什么呢？毕竟一些专有软件开发者可以免费给学校的提供非自由程序的副本。那是因为，就像烟草公司免费向学生发放香烟一样，他们希望*利用*学校给学生灌输这种对他们产品的依赖性[^1]。
 
-They will not give gratis copies to
-these students once they’ve graduated, nor to the companies that they go
-to work for. Once you’re dependent, you’re expected to pay, and future
-upgrades may be expensive.
-
 当学生毕业之后，他们就会终止这种免费行为，而且，他们也不会为毕业生就职的公司或机构提供免费服务。你一旦对这些软件形成了依赖，你很可能就会付费，并且之后的升级可能会很昂贵。
 
-Free software permits students to learn how software works. Some
-students, natural-born programmers, on reaching their teens yearn to
-learn everything there is to know about their computer and its software.
-They are intensely curious to read the source code of the programs that
-they use every day.
-
 自由软件可以让学生了解和掌握这些软件的工作原理。有些学生，或者那些天才程序员，青少年时代就对计算机和软件充满好奇心，他们急切地想要获知他们想要知道的一切。他们非常渴望阅读那些他们每天都在使用的软件的源代码。
 
-Proprietary software rejects their thirst for knowledge: it says, “The
-knowledge you want is a secret—learning is forbidden!” Proprietary
-software is the enemy of the spirit of education, so it should not be
-tolerated in a school, except as an object for reverse engineering.
+专有软件阻抑了学生对知识的渴望：他们被告知，“你想要获得的知识是一个秘密，禁止学习！” 专有软件是教育精神的敌人，所以，除非作为反向工程的目的，学校应该拒绝使用它们。
 
-专有软件抑制和阻碍了学生对知识的渴望：他们被告知，“你想要获得的知识是一个秘密，禁止学习！” 专有软件是教育精神的敌人，所以，除非作为反向工程的目的，学校应该拒绝使用它们。
-
-Free software encourages everyone to learn. The free software community
-rejects the “priesthood of technology,” which keeps the general public
-in ignorance of how technology works; we encourage students of any age
-and situation to read the source code and learn as much as they want to
-know.
-
-自由软件鼓励每个人学习。自由软件社区反对“高高在上的技术”——这会让大众对技术的基本原理敬而远之。我们鼓励任何年龄层次学生或个人阅读源代码，而且，我们希望他们学的越多越好。
-
-Schools that use free software will enable gifted programming students
-to advance. How do natural-born programmers learn to be good
-programmers? They need to read and understand real programs that people
-really use. You learn to write good, clear code by reading lots of code
-and writing lots of code. Only free software permits this.
+自由软件鼓励每个人学习。自由软件社区反对“高高在上的技术”——这会让大众对技术的基本原理敬而远之。我们鼓励任何年龄层次学生或个人阅读源代码，而且，我们希望他们学得越多越好。
 
 使用自由软件的学校将会成为那些喜爱编程学生的乐土。你知道喜欢编程的学生是怎样成为优秀的程序员的吗？他们必须要阅读和理解人们真实使用的软件的源代码。通过阅读和编写大量的代码，你才有可能写出高质量清晰的计算机程序。目前来看，只有自由软件允许你这样做。
 
-How do you learn to write code for large programs? You do that by
-writing lots of changes in existing large programs. Free Software lets
-you do this; proprietary software forbids this. Any school can offer its
-students the chance to master the craft of programming, but only if it
-is a free software school.
-
 如何学习为大型软件项目编写代码？最好的办法就是为现有的大型项目编写大量代码。自由软件鼓励你这样做，但专有软件会禁止如此。任何学校都可以给学生提供这种掌握编程技术的机会，但只有使用自由软件的学校才真正有这个可能。
 
-The deepest reason for using free software in schools is for moral
-education. We expect schools to teach students basic facts and useful
-skills, but that is only part of their job. The most fundamental task of
-schools is to teach good citizenship, including the habit of helping
-others. In the area of computing, this means teaching people to share
-software. Schools, starting from nursery school, should tell their
-students, “If you bring software to school, you must share it with the
-other students. You must show the source code to the class, in case
-someone wants to learn. Therefore bringing nonfree software to class is
-not permitted, unless it is for reverse-engineering work.”
-
-学校使用自由软件最深层次原因是可以进行德育教育。我们希望学校教给学生基本的知识和有用的技巧，但是这只是学校工作的一部分。学校最重要的一项职能，就是培养好公民——其中包括助人为乐的习惯。在计算机领域，这就意味着我们需要教授学生分享软件的精神。从幼儿园开始，学校就应该告诉学生，“如果你把软件带到学校来，你应该与其他同学一起分享。万一有人想要学习一下它的工作原理，你应该把源代码展示给大家。所以说，非自由软件最好不要带到学校来，除非出于反向工程的目的。”
-
-Of course, the school must practice what it preaches: it should bring
-only free software to class (except objects for reverse-engineering),
-and share copies including source code with the students so they can
-copy it, take it home, and redistribute it further.
+学校使用自由软件最深层次原因是可以进行德育教育。我们希望学校教给学生基本的知识和有用的技巧，但是这只是学校工作的一部分。学校最根本的一项职能，就是培养好公民——其中包括助人为乐的习惯。在计算机领域，这就意味着我们需要教授学生分享软件的精神。从幼儿园开始，学校就应该告诉学生，“如果你把软件带到学校来，你应该与其他同学一起分享。一旦有人想要学习一下它的工作原理，你就应该把源代码展示给大家。所以说，非自由软件最好不要带到学校来，除非出于反向工程的目的。”
 
 当然，学校必须履行其诺言：在课堂上只允许自由软件出现（除非为了反向工程的目的），在分享软件的同时，源代码也应该一并分享，这样的话，学生们就能复制它们，把它们带回家，甚至还可以将它们再次分享给其他人。
 
-Teaching the students to use free software, and to participate in the
-free software community, is a hands-on civics lesson. It also teaches
-students the role model of public service rather than that of tycoons.
-All levels of school should use free software.
-
 教授学生使用自由软件，让他们参与自由软件社区，就是一门生动鲜活的公民教育课程。这门课程教授将会把学生培养成为具有公共服务精神的行为模范，而不是垄断企业的超级大亨。所有学校都应该使用自由软件。
 
-If you have a relationship with a school—if you are a student, a
-teacher, an employee, an administrator, a donor, or a parent—it’s
-your responsibility to campaign for the school to migrate to free
-software. If a private request doesn’t achieve the goal, raise the issue
-publicly in those communities; that is the way to make more people aware
-of the issue and find allies for the campaign.
-
 如果你和学校有一定联系——如果你是一名学生、一名教师、一位员工、一名管理者、一位捐赠人，或者这些人的父母——你有义务和责任向学校推广自由软件。如果私人请求无法解决这个问题，可将这个问题公开出来提交到社区。这样就能让更多的人意识到这件事情的重要性。你可以寻找同盟，让大家一起发起这项推广自由软件的运动。
 
 ### [(1)](#DOCF1)
 
-@raggedright RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company was fined \$15m in 2002 for
-handing out free samples of cigarettes at events attended by children.
-See
-<http://bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm>.
-@end raggedright
-
 [^1]: 参见 《雷诺烟草公司因向儿童发放卷烟样品，于2002年被罚1500万美元》[RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company was fined \$15m in 2002 for handing out free samples of cigarettes at events attended by children](http://bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm)
-
diff --git a/docs/free-software-even-more-important.md b/docs/free-software-even-more-important.md
index 1c2d306..93764e1 100644
--- a/docs/free-software-even-more-important.md
+++ b/docs/free-software-even-more-important.md
@@ -1,436 +1,133 @@
-1. Free Software Is Even More Important Now {#free-software-is-even-more-important-now .chapter}
-===========================================
-
 ## 如今自由软件更加重要
 
-@firstcopyingnotice{{@footnoterule @smallskip See
-<http://gnu.org/help> for ways to help the free software movement.
-@medskip @footnoterule @medskip Copyright © 2015 Richard Stallman\
- {A substantially edited version of this article was published on the
-[Wired](Wired) web site as “Why Free Software Is More Important Now Than
-Ever Before” (Wired, 28 September 2013,
-[http://wired.com/opinion/2013/09/why-free-software-\
-is-more-important-now-than-ever-before](http://wired.com/opinion/2013/09/why-free-software-%3Cbr%3Eis-more-important-now-than-ever-before)).
-This version of this essay is part of @fsfsthreecite}
-
 > Copyright © 2015 Richard Stallman。此文大幅修改后发表于[《连线》杂志](Wired)网站，标题是[Why Free Software Is More Important Now Than Ever Before”](http://wired.com/opinion/2013/09/why-free-software-%3Cbr%3Eis-more-important-now-than-ever-before)，2013年9月28日。
 
-Since 1983, the Free Software Movement has campaigned for computer
-users’ freedom—for users to control the software they use, rather than
-vice versa. When a program respects users’ freedom and community, we
-call it “free software.”
-
 自1983年以来，自由软件运动一直在为计算机用户的自由而战——用户控制他们使用的软件，而不是相反。当一个程序尊重用户和社区的自由时，我们把它称为“自由软件”。
 
-We also sometimes call it “libre software” to emphasize that we’re
-talking about liberty, not price. Some proprietary (nonfree) programs,
-such as Photoshop, are very expensive; others, such as Flash Player, are
-available gratis—but that’s a minor detail. Either way, they give the
-program’s developer power over the users, power that no one should have.
-
 我们有时也称之为“libre software”以便澄清我们关注的是自由，而不是价格。一些专有（非自由）软件比如 Photoshop，非常昂贵；而其他比如 Flash 播放器则免费提供——所以价格并不是大问题。无论高价还是免费，它们都将程序开发者的权力凌驾于用户之上，而这种权力是不应该存在的。
 
-Those two nonfree programs have something else in common: they are both
-*malware.* That is, both have functionalities designed to mistreat the
-user. Proprietary software nowadays is often malware because the
-developers’ power corrupts them.[(1)](#FOOT1) With free software, the
-users control the program, both individually and collectively. So they
-control what their computers do (assuming those computers are loyal and
-do what the users’ programs tell them to do).
-
-同时这款软件还有个共同点：他们都是*恶意软件*。也就是说从功能上都是设计用来亏待用户的。今天的专有软件往往是恶意软件，因为开发者的权力腐化了他们[^1]。而自由软件，用户控制着程序，既是单独用户控制同时也是群体控制。这样他们就控制着计算机做的事情（假设这些程序都是忠实完成用户的指令）。
-
-With proprietary software, the program controls the users, and some
-other entity (the developer or “owner”) controls the program. So the
-proprietary program gives its developer power over its users. That is
-unjust in itself, and tempts the developer to mistreat the users in
-other ways.
-
-专有软件程序控制着用户，另一些（用户或“所有者”）则完全控制着程序。因此专有程序给了开发者凌驾用户的权力。而这本身就是不公平的，并且诱使开发者用其他方式亏待用户。
+同时这款软件还有个共同点：他们都是*恶意软件*。也就是说从功能上都是设计用来亏待用户的。今天的专有软件往往是恶意软件，因为开发者的权力腐化了它们[^1]。而自由软件，用户控制着程序，既是单独用户控制同时也是群体控制。这样他们就控制着计算机做的事情（假设这些程序都是忠实完成用户的指令）。
 
-Freedom means having control over your own life. If you use a program to
-carry out activities in your life, your freedom depends on your having
-control over the program. You deserve to have control over the programs
-you use, and all the more so when you use them for something important
-in your life.
+专有软件程序控制着用户，另一些（开发者或“所有者”）则完全控制着程序。因此专有程序给了开发者凌驾用户的权力。而这本身就是不公平的，并且诱使开发者用其他方式亏待用户。
 
-自由意味着你控制着自己的生活。如果你用的程序接管了你的生活，你的自由就取决于你如何控制着这些程序。你值得取得对程序的控制权，更何况这些程序控制着你生活中重要的事情。
-
-Users’ control over the program requires four essential
-freedoms.[(2)](#FOOT2) 
+自由意味着你控制着自己的生活。如果你使用程序来打理你的生活，你的自由就取决于你如何控制着这些程序。你应该拥有对程序的控制权，更何况这些程序控制着你生活中重要的事情。
 
 用户对程序的控制需要四个重要的自由[^2]。
 
-1.  The freedom to run the program as you wish, for whatever purpose.
-
 1. 基于任何目的，按你的意愿运行软件的自由。
 
-2.  The freedom to study the program’s “source code,” and change it, so
-    the program does your computing as you wish. Programs are written by
-    programmers in a programming language—like English combined with
-    algebra—and that form of the program is the “source code.” Anyone
-    who knows programming, and has the program in source code form, can
-    read the source code, understand its functioning, and change it too.
-    When all you get is the executable form, a series of numbers that
-    are efficient for the computer to run but extremely hard for a human
-    being to understand, understanding and changing the program in that
-    form are forbiddingly hard.
-
 2. 学习软件“源代码”并修改的自由，这样可以让程序执行你想做的事情。程序是由程序员使用编程语言编写的（比如结合英语和代数），这种形式称为“源代码”。任何熟悉编程，并能以源代码形式编程的人，都可以读源代码，懂得其逻辑，并可以修改之。当你只能得到可执行格式，也就是对计算机来说能理解，但对人类极难读懂的一系列数字时，读懂并修改该形式的程序难如登天。
 
-3.  The freedom to make and distribute exact copies when you wish. (It
-    is not an obligation; doing this is your choice. If the program is
-    free, that doesn’t mean someone has an obligation to offer you a
-    copy, or that you have an obligation to offer him a copy.
-    Distributing a program to users without freedom mistreats them;
-    however, choosing not to distribute the program—using it
-    privately—does not mistreat anyone.)
-
-3. 将当前副本重新分发的自由。不过这不是一种义务，这样做是你的选择。如果程序是自由的，并不意味着别人有义务提供给你一份副本，或者你有义务为其他人提供副本。如果没有自由的分发，会亏待用户。然而如果不分发软件（只是私下使用）则不会亏待任何人。
-
-4.  The freedom to make and distribute copies of your modified versions,
-when you wish.
+3. 将当前副本重新分发的自由。（这不是一种义务，这样做是你的选择。如果程序是自由的，并不意味着别人有义务提供给你一份副本，或者你有义务为其他人提供副本。分发程序而没有自由，会亏待用户。然而如果不分发软件——只是私下使用——则不会亏待任何人）
 
 4. 随时分发你修改过的版本的自由。
 
-The first two freedoms mean each user can exercise individual control
-over the program. With the other two freedoms, any group of users can
-together exercise *collective control* over the program. With all four
-freedoms, the users fully control the program. If any of them is missing
-or inadequate, the program is proprietary (nonfree), and unjust.
-
 前两个自由表示用户可以实际控制程序。而剩下的自由，表示任何用户团体都可以*集体控制*程序。具备这四个自由，用户就可以完全控制程序。这四个自由缺一不可，否则程序就是专有的（非自由的），并且不道德。
 
-Other kinds of works are also used for practical activities, including
-recipes for cooking, educational works such as textbooks, reference
-works such as dictionaries and encyclopedias, fonts for displaying
-paragraphs of text, circuit diagrams for hardware for people to build,
-and patterns for making useful (not merely decorative) objects with a 3D
-printer. Since these are not software, the free software movement
-strictly speaking doesn’t cover them; but the same reasoning applies and
-leads to the same conclusion: these works should carry the four
-freedoms.
-
 任何实践类的作品都可以适用，包括烹饪菜谱，教育作品比如教科书，参考书比如字典和百科全书，显示文章的字体，硬件设计的电路程序，3D 打印用的（不只是装饰品）模型文件。因为这些并不是软件，所以自由软件运动严格上来说并不包括它们，但同理可证：这些作品也需要符合上面这四项自由。
 
-A free program allows you to tinker with it to make it do what you want
-(or cease do to something you dislike). Tinkering with software may
-sound ridiculous if you are accustomed to proprietary software as a
-sealed box, but in the Free World it’s a common thing to do, and a good
-way to learn programming. Even the traditional American pastime of
-tinkering with cars is obstructed because cars now contain nonfree
-software.
-
-一个自由的程序允许你按照自己想法去改造。对于将专有软件看成密封盒子的人来说，改造软件看起来很荒谬，然而在自由的世界里则是非常普遍，并且对学习编程非常有利。传统美国消费者对汽车的改造并不顺畅，恰是因为汽车包含非自由的软件。
-
-### The Injustice of Proprietariness {#the-injustice-of-proprietariness .subheading}
+一个自由的程序允许你按照自己的想法去改造。对于将专有软件看成密封盒子的人来说，改造软件看起来很荒谬，然而在自由的世界里则是非常普遍，并且对学习编程非常有利。传统美国消费者对汽车的改造并不顺畅，恰是因为汽车包含非自由的软件。
 
 ### 专有化的不公
 
-If the users don’t control the program, the program controls the users.
-With proprietary software, there is always some entity, the developer or
-“owner” of the program, that controls the program—and through it,
-exercises power over its users. A nonfree program is a yoke, an
-instrument of unjust power.
-
 如果用户没有控制程序，那么程序就在控制用户。对专有软件，有一些实体比如开发者或者程序“所有者”，控制着程序，将权力凌驾于用户之上。一个非自由的程序就像个操纵杆，是一把操纵不公权力的工具。
 
-In outrageous cases (though this outrage has become quite usual)
-proprietary programs are designed to spy on the users, restrict them,
-censor them, and abuse them.[(3)](#FOOT3) For instance, the operating
-system of Apple iThings does all of these, and so does Windows on mobile
-devices with ARM chips. Windows, mobile phone firmware, and Google
-Chrome for Windows include a universal back door that allows some
-company to change the program remotely without asking permission. The
-Amazon Kindle has a back door that can erase books.
-
 令人发指的是（这种情况很常见）专有程序设计用来窥视、限制、审查甚至虐待用户[^3]。例如苹果的 iThings 操作系统做了所有这些，同样的基于 ARM 芯片移动设备上的 Windows 系统也是如此。Windows 手机固件以及 Google Chrome 的 Windows 版包含了通用后门，可以让一些公司不经过用户同意就远程修改程序。亚马逊的 Kindle 则通过后门删除用户的电子书。
 
-The use of nonfree software in the “internet of things” would turn it
-into the “internet of telemarketers”[(4)](#FOOT4) as well as the
-“internet of snoopers.”
-
 “物联网”（internet of things）产品上使用的非自由程序会将物联网变成“骗联网”（internet of telemarketers）[^4]或“窥联网”（internet of snoopers）。
 
-With the goal of ending the injustice of nonfree software, the free
-software movement develops free programs so users can free themselves.
-We began in 1984 by developing the free operating system GNU. Today,
-millions of computers run GNU, mainly in the GNU/Linux
-combination.[(5)](#FOOT5)
-
-为了结束非自由程序的不公，自由软件运动的开发者开发了自由的程序，这样用户可以解放自己。我们首先在 1984 年开发了自由的操作系统 GNU。现在数以万计的计算机运行着 GNU，主要是 GNU/Linux 结合体[^5]。
-
-Distributing a program to users without freedom mistreats those users;
-however, choosing not to distribute the program does not mistreat
-anyone. If you write a program and use it privately, that does no wrong
-to others. (You do miss an opportunity to do good, but that’s not the
-same as doing wrong.) Thus, when we say all software must be free, we
-mean that every copy must come with the four freedoms, but we don’t mean
-that someone has an obligation to offer you a copy.
+为了结束非自由程序的不公，自由软件运动开发了自由的程序，这样用户可以解放自己。我们首先在 1984 年开始开发自由的操作系统 GNU。现在数以万计的计算机运行着 GNU，主要是 GNU/Linux 结合体[^5]。
 
 分发非自由的程序给用户是残害用户的行为；然而如果不分发程序则不会伤害任何人。如果你写了一个程序并私下使用，不会伤害到任何人。你也许会失去做好事的机会，但这与做错事是不一样的。因此，我们说所有程序都应该自由，意思是所有副本都应该遵循这四个自由，但并不意味着别人有义务提供给你一份副本。
 
-### Nonfree Software and SaaSS {#nonfree-software-and-saass .subheading}
-
 ### 非自由软件与 SaaSS
 
-Nonfree software was the first way for companies to take control of
-people’s computing. Nowadays, there is another way, called Service as a
-Software Substitute, or SaaSS. That means letting someone else’s server
-do your own computing tasks.
-
 非自由软件是公司控制人们电脑的首选方案。今天，还有另外一种方式，称为“替代软件的服务”（SaaSS，Service as a Software Substitute）。这意思是让别人的服务器去做你自己的计算任务。
 
-SaaSS doesn’t mean the programs on the server are nonfree (though they
-often are). Rather, using SaaSS causes the same injustices as using a
-nonfree program: they are two paths to the same bad place. Take the
-example of a SaaSS translation service: The user sends text to the
-server, and the server translates it (from English to Spanish, say) and
-sends the translation back to the user. Now the job of translating is
-under the control of the server operator rather than the user.
-
-SaaSS 并不意味着运行在服务器上的程序是非自由的（虽然大多数确实是非自由的）。然而，使用 SaaSS 会导致与使用非自由程序一样的不公：殊途同归。就拿 SaaSS 翻译服务为例：用户发送文本到服务器，服务器将其翻译好的发给用户（比如从英文翻译为西班牙文）。那么翻译的工作是由服务器运营商控制的，而不是用户。
-
-If you use SaaSS, the server operator controls your computing. It
-requires entrusting all the pertinent data to the server operator, which
-will be forced to show it to the state as well—who does that server
-really serve, after all?[(6)](#FOOT6)
+SaaSS 并不意味着运行在服务器上的程序是非自由的（虽然大多数确实是非自由的）。然而，使用 SaaSS 会导致与使用非自由程序一样的不公：殊途同归。就拿 SaaSS 翻译服务为例：用户发送文本到服务器，服务器将其翻译好发回用户（比如从英文翻译为西班牙文）。那么翻译的工作是由服务器运营商控制的，而不是用户。
 
 如果你使用 SaaSS，服务器运营商控制着你的计算过程。它需要委托所有数据到服务器运营商那里，而这些数据也可能会被迫出让给国家——毕竟谁是服务器真正服务的人[^6]？
 
-### Primary and Secondary Injustices {#primary-and-secondary-injustices .subheading}
-
 ### 主要和次要的不公
 
-When you use proprietary programs or SaaSS, first of all you do wrong to
-yourself, because it gives some entity unjust power over you. For your
-own sake, you should escape. It also wrongs others if you make a promise
-not to share. It is evil to keep such a promise, and a lesser evil to
-break it; to be truly upright, you should not make the promise at all.
-
-当你使用专有软件或者 SaaSS，首先你对自己不好，因为这给了别的实体可以用不公的权力凌驾你。所以为你着想，你必须远离非自由的程序。即使你承诺不分享程序，而这个承诺本身就是罪恶，不那么罪恶的是打破承诺；最好的做法就是完全不作出承诺。
-
-There are cases where using nonfree software puts pressure directly on
-others to do likewise. Skype is a clear example: when one person uses
-the nonfree Skype client software, it requires another person to use
-that software too—thus both surrender their freedom. (Google Hangouts
-have the same problem.) It is wrong even to suggest using such programs.
-We should refuse to use them even briefly, even on someone else’s
-computer.
+当你使用专有软件或者 SaaSS，首先你对自己不好，因为这给了别的实体可以用不公的权力凌驾你。所以为你着想，你必须远离非自由的程序。如果你承诺不分享程序，你就在对他人不好。这个承诺本身就是罪恶，不那么罪恶的是打破承诺；最好的做法就是完全不作出这样的承诺。
 
-有一些非自由的程序会直接给用户施压。Skype 就是一个例子：当用户使用了一个非自由的 Skype 客户端软件，它会要求其他人使用同样的软件——这样两个人都将自由放弃了（Google Hangouts 也有同样的问题）。建议使用这样的软件也是同样的错误。我们必须坚决拒绝他们，即使是使用别人的电脑。
-
-Another harm of using nonfree programs and SaaSS is that it rewards the
-perpetrator, encouraging further development of that program or
-“service,” leading in turn to even more people falling under the
-company’s thumb.
+有一些非自由的程序会直接给用户施压。Skype 就是一个例子：当用户使用了一个非自由的 Skype 客户端软件，它会要求其他人使用同样的软件——这样两个人都将自由放弃了（Google Hangouts 也有同样的问题）。建议使用这样的软件也是同样的错误。我们必须坚决拒绝他们，即使是短时间，即使是在别人的电脑上。
 
 另一个使用非自由程序和 SaaSS 的害处是会嘉奖肇事者，鼓励他们开发更多这样的程序或“服务”，导致更多人掉入公司的陷阱。
 
-All the forms of indirect harm are magnified when the user is a public
-entity or a school.
-
 所有这些间接伤害发生在公共实体或学校的时候会更加显著。
 
-### Free Software and the State {#free-software-and-the-state .subheading}
-
 ### 自由软件与国家
 
-Public agencies exist for the people, not for themselves. When they do
-computing, they do it for the people. They have a duty to maintain full
-control over that computing so that they can assure it is done properly
-for the people. (This constitutes the computational sovereignty of the
-state.) They must never allow control over the state’s computing to fall
-into private hands.
-
-公共机构是为人民服务的，而不是为他们自己。他们做计算机领域也是如此，有义务完全控制计算机以确保恰当地为人民服务（也就是所谓的国家主权计算）。他们决不能让计算机的控制权落入私人之手。
-
-To maintain control of the people’s computing, public agencies must not
-do it with proprietary software (software under the control of an entity
-other than the state). And they must not entrust it to a service
-programmed and run by an entity other than the state, since this would
-be SaaSS.
+公共机构是为人民服务的，而不是为他们自己。他们在计算机领域也是如此。他们有义务完全控制计算过程以确保恰当地为人民服务（也就是所谓的国家计算主权）。他们决不能让计算机的控制权落入私人之手。
 
 为了维持对为人民服务的计算过程的控制，公共机构必须不能使用专有软件（一个由国家之外的实体掌控的软件），同时不能委托国家机构以外的实体编写或运行服务，因为这会是 SaaSS。
 
-Proprietary software has no security at all in one crucial case—against
-its developer. And the developer may help others attack. Microsoft shows
-Windows bugs to the NSA[(7)](#FOOT7) (the US government digital spying
-agency) before fixing them. We do not know whether Apple does likewise,
-but it is under the same government pressure as Microsoft. If the
-government of any other country uses such software, it endangers
-national security.[(8)](#FOOT8) Do you want the NSA to break into your
-government’s computers?
-
 专有软件在非常时期是没有安全可言的——因为无力抵抗其开发者。甚至开发者会帮助其他人攻击。微软会在修复 Windows 的 bug 之前将其展示给 NSA[^7]（美国数字间谍机构）。我们不知道苹果是不是也这样做，但他们同样受到与微软一样的政府压力。如果其他国家政府使用这样的软件，会危害国家安全[^8]。你会希望 NSA 攻入你的政府计算机吗？
 
-### Free Software and Education {#free-software-and-education .subheading}
-
 ### 自由软件与教育
 
-Schools (and this includes all educational activities) influence the
-future of society through what they teach. They should teach exclusively
-free software, so as to use their influence for the good. To teach a
-proprietary program is to implant dependence, which goes against the
-mission of education. By training in use of free software, schools will
-direct society’s future towards freedom, and help talented programmers
-master the craft.
-
 学校（包括所有这类教育活动）通过他们的教学会影响社会的未来。为了做善事他们必须只教自由软件。教授专有程序会产生依赖性，这与教育的任务是相悖的。通过培训使用自由软件，学校会将社会的未来转向自由，并帮助天才的程序员掌握这门手艺。
 
-They will also teach students the habit of cooperating, helping other
-people. Each class should have this rule: “Students, this class is a
-place where we share our knowledge. If you bring software to class, you
-may not keep it for yourself. Rather, you must share copies with the
-rest of the class—including the program’s source code, in case someone
-else wants to learn. Therefore, bringing proprietary software to class
-is not permitted except to reverse engineer it.”
-
-他们同时也教育了学生协作的习惯，帮助其他人。没个班级都要有这样的规则：“对学生而言，这个班级是分享知识的地方，如果你将一个软件带来，不仅仅是你自己用，同时你必须将副本分享给班里其他人——包括源代码——当某个人想要学习时。因此，不允许将专有软件带到课堂，除非学习逆向工程。”
-
-Proprietary developers would have us punish students who are good enough
-at heart to share software and thwart those curious enough to want to
-change it. This means a bad education.[(9)](#FOOT9)
+他们同时也教育了学生协作的习惯，帮助其他人。每个班级都要有这样的规则：“对学生而言，这个班级是分享知识的地方，如果你将一个软件带来，不仅仅是你自己用，同时你必须将副本分享给班里其他人——包括源代码——当某个人想要学习时。因此，不允许将专有软件带到课堂，除非学习逆向工程。”
 
 专有软件的开发者会惩罚那些好心分享软件的学生，并阻挠学生修改的好奇心。这是很烂的教育[^9]。
 
-### Free Software: More Than “Advantages” {#free-software-more-than-advantages .subheading}
-
 ### 自由软件：不止“优势”
 
-I’m often asked to describe the “advantages” of free software. But the
-word “advantages” is too weak when it comes to freedom. Life without
-freedom is oppression, and that applies to computing as well as every
-other activity in our lives. We must refuse to give the developers of
-the programs or computing services control over the computing we do.
-This is the right thing to do, for selfish reasons; but not solely for
-selfish reasons.
-
 经常有人让我描述自由软件的“优势”。然而“优势”这个词对自由而言太弱了。没有自由的生活是一种压迫，无论是我们平时的生活还是计算机领域。我们必须拒绝让软件或计算机服务的开发者控制我们的计算机。这才是我们要做的事情，虽然有自私的因素；但不仅仅是自私的考量。
 
-Freedom includes the freedom to cooperate with others. Denying people
-that freedom means keeping them divided, which is the start of a scheme
-to oppress them. In the free software community, we are very much aware
-of the importance of the freedom to cooperate because our work consists
-of organized cooperation. If your friend comes to visit and sees you use
-a program, she might ask for a copy. A program which stops you from
-redistributing it, or says you’re “not supposed to,” is antisocial.
-
 自由包括与其他人协作的自由。拒绝人们的这项自由意味着让人孤立，会成为对人压迫的开始。在自由软件社群，我们深刻的意识到与他人协作的重要性因为我们的工作正是有组织的协作。如果一个朋友看到你在用一个程序，她也许会要一份副本。而禁止人们再分发，或者说你“不应该”这么做的程序，是反社会的。
 
-In computing, cooperation includes redistributing exact copies of a
-program to other users. It also includes distributing your changed
-versions to them. Free software encourages these forms of cooperation,
-while proprietary software forbids them. It forbids redistribution of
-copies, and by denying users the source code, it blocks them from making
-changes. SaaSS has the same effects: if your computing is done over the
-web in someone else’s server, by someone else’s copy of a program, you
-can’t see it or touch the software that does your computing, so you
-can’t redistribute it or change it.
-
 在计算机领域，协作包括向用户再分发原始副本，也包括分发你修改过的版本。自由软件鼓励所有这些协作，而专有软件禁止这些。专有软件禁止再分发副本，并拒绝提供给用户源代码，封锁人们对软件的修改。SaaSS 也有同样的效果：如果你的计算过程是由互联网上其他人的服务器，其他人的程序副本做出的，你不能看到或碰触到这些计算用的软件，因此你就不能再分发或修改了。
 
-### Conclusion {#conclusion .subheading}
-
 ### 结论
 
-We deserve to have control of our own computing; how can we win this
-control? By rejecting nonfree software on the computers we own or
-regularly use, and rejecting SaaSS. By developing free
-software[(10)](#FOOT10) (for those of us who are programmers). By
-refusing to develop or promote nonfree software or SaaSS. By spreading
-these ideas to others.[(11)](#FOOT11)
-
 我们应该控制我们自己的计算机，如何赢回控制权？可以通过拒绝我们自己或平时所用计算机上的非自由软件，拒绝 SaaSS。对于我们这些程序员而言，可以通过开发自由软件[^10]。还可以通过拒绝开发或者推广非自由软件或 SaaSS，散布这些理念给其他人[^11]。
 
-We and thousands of users have done this since 1984, which is how we now
-have the free GNU/Linux operating system that anyone—programmer or
-not—can use. Join our cause, as a programmer or an activist. Let’s make
-all computer users free.
-
 我们以及上千用户从1984年开始就这么做，这样才有了现在我们使用的自由的 GNU/Linux 操作系统，所有人——无论是否是程序员——都可以使用。加入我们的事业，以一个程序员或活动家的身份。让我们一起解放所有计算机用户吧。
 
 ### [(1)](#DOCF1)
 
-@raggedright See <http://gnu.org/proprietary/proprietary.html> for an
-evolving list of these threats. @end raggedright
-
 [^1]: 参见<http://gnu.org/proprietary/proprietary.html>可知这些不断增加的威胁。
 
 ### [(2)](#DOCF2)
 
-@raggedright See @pageref{Definition} for the full definition of free
-software. @end raggedright
-
 [^2]: 自由软件的完整定义可参见《自由软件的定义》一文。
 
 ### [(3)](#DOCF3)
 
-@raggedright See footnote 1, on @pageref{Proprietary Software}. @end
-raggedright
-
 [^3]: 参见《专有软件》一文的脚注1
 
 ### [(4)](#DOCF4)
 
-@raggedright Marcelo Rinesi, “The Telemarketer Singularity,”
-6 August 2015, <http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/rinesi20150806>.
-@end raggedright
-
 [^4]: 参见 Marcelo Rinesi 于2015年8月6日发表的文章"The Telemarketer Singularity"<http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/rinesi20150806>
 
 ### [(5)](#DOCF5)
 
-@raggedright See “The GNU Project” (@pageref{GNU Project}), for more on
-the history of the GNU operating system, and
-<http://gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html>, for the “GNU/Linux FAQ.” @end
-raggedright
-
 [^5]: 关于 GNU 操作系统的历史可参见《GNU 工程》一文，以及“GNU/Linux FAQ”<http://gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html>。
 
 ### [(6)](#DOCF6)
 
-@raggedright See “Who Does That Server Really Serve?” (@pageref{Server})
-for more on this issue. @end raggedright
-
 [^6]: 参见《服务器》一文的相关章节“服务器真正为谁服务？”
 
 ### [(7)](#DOCF7)
 
-@raggedright Sean Gallagher, “NSA Gets Early Access to Zero-Day Data
-from Microsoft, Others,” 14 June 2013,
-[http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/06/nsa-gets-\
-early-access-to-zero-day-data-from-microsoft-others/](http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/06/nsa-gets-%3Cbr%3Eearly-access-to-zero-day-data-from-microsoft-others/).
-@end raggedright
-
 [^7]: 参见 Sean Gallagher 于2013年6月14日发表的文章“NSA Gets Early Access to Zero-Day Data from Microsoft, Others”<http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/06/nsa-gets-%3Cbr%3Eearly-access-to-zero-day-data-from-microsoft-others/>
 
 ### [(8)](#DOCF8)
 
-@raggedright See “Measures Governments Can User to Promote Free
-Software” (@pageref{Government}) for our suggested policies. @end
-raggedright
-
 [^8]: 关于我们建议的政策可参见《政府推动自由软件的措施》一文
 
 ### [(9)](#DOCF9)
 
-@raggedright See <http://gnu.org/education> for more discussion of the
-use of free software in schools. @end raggedright
-
 [^9]: 有关自由软件在学校的讨论可参见 <http://gnu.org/education>
 
 ### [(10)](#DOCF10)
 
-@raggedright See “How to Choose a License for Your Own Work”
-(@pageref{License Recommendations}) for our licensing recommendations.
-@end raggedright
-
 [^10]: 关于许可证的建议可参见《推荐许可证》一文中的“如何为你自己的作品选择许可证”
 
 ### [(11)](#DOCF11)
 
-@raggedright See <http://gnu.org/help> for the various ways you could
-help. @end raggedright
-
 [^11]: 各种帮助的方式可参见 <http://gnu.org/help>
diff --git a/docs/government-free-software.md b/docs/government-free-software.md
index cdc258c..47f4d36 100644
--- a/docs/government-free-software.md
+++ b/docs/government-free-software.md
@@ -1,350 +1,120 @@
-1. Measures Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software {#measures-governments-can-use-to-promote-free-software .chapter}
-========================================================
-
 ## 政府推动自由软件的措施
 
-@firstcopyingnotice{{@footnoterule @smallskip Copyright © 2011–2014 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc.\
- {This article was first published on <http://gnu.org>, in 2011. This
-version is part of @fsfsthreecite}
-
 > Copyright © 2011–2014 自由软件基金会，此文首发于2011年 <http://gnu.org>。
 
-This article suggests policies for a strong and firm effort to promote
-free software within the state, and to lead the rest of the country
-towards software freedom.
-
-本文提出了一些强力政策推动自由软件在国内的发展，并让国内其他地方都转向软件自由。
-
-The mission of the state is to organize society for the freedom and
-well-being of the people. One aspect of this mission, in the computing
-field, is to encourage users to adopt free software: software that
-respects the users’ freedom.[(1)](#FOOT1) A proprietary (nonfree)
-program tramples the freedom of those that use it; it is a social
-problem that the state should work to eradicate.
-
-国家的使命是通过整合社会资源为人民自由谋福祉。这个福利的一个方面在计算机领域就是鼓励用户使用自由软件：代表用户自由的软件[^1]。而专有（非自由）软件则践踏了人民的自由，这是一个社会问题，所以政府应该去解决这个问题。
-
-@firstcopyingnotice{{@footnoterule @smallskip Copyright © 2011–2014 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc.\
- {This article was first published on <http://gnu.org>, in 2011. This
-version is part of @fsfsthreecite}
+本文提出了一些推动自由软件在国内发展的强力政策，并引领国内其他方面转向软件自由。
 
-The state needs to insist on free software in its own computing for the
-sake of its computational sovereignty (the state’s control over its own
-computing). All users deserve control over their computing, but the
-state has a responsibility to the people to maintain control over the
-computing it does on their behalf. Most government activities now depend
-on computing, and its control over those activities depends on its
-control over that computing. Losing this control in an agency whose
-mission is critical undermines national security.
+国家的使命是通过整合社会资源为人民自由谋福祉。这个使命在计算机领域的一个方面就是鼓励用户使用自由软件：代表用户自由的软件[^1]。而专有（非自由）软件则践踏了人民的自由；这是一个国家应该努力去根除的社会问题。
 
-从国家计算机主权角度来说，国家需要坚持自由软件的主张（国家控制计算机）。所有用户理所应当控制自己的计算过程，但国家对人民有代表人民对计算过程维持控制的责任。现在大多数政府活动都依赖计算过程，而对这些活动的控制则依赖于对计算过程的控制。而在任务很关键的机构里失去这种控制将会极大危害国家安全。
-
-Moving state agencies to free software can also provide secondary
-benefits, such as saving money and encouraging local software-support
-businesses.
+从国家计算机主权角度来说，国家需要坚持自由软件的主张（国家控制其计算过程）。所有用户理所应当控制自己的计算过程，但国家对人民有代表人民对计算过程维持控制的责任。现在大多数政府活动都依赖计算过程，而对这些活动的控制则依赖于对计算过程的控制。而在任务很关键的机构里失去这种控制将会极大危害国家安全。
 
 将国家机构转向自由软件同时也会提供额外的好处，比如节省经费和鼓励本地的软件支持行业等等。
 
-In this text, “state entities” refers to all levels of government, and
-means public agencies including schools, public-private partnerships,
-largely state-funded activities such as charter schools, and “private”
-corporations controlled by the state or established with special
-privileges or functions by the state.
-
 本文中，“国家实体”指代各级政府，以及公共机构包括学校，公共-私立伙伴关系，大型国有活动比如特许公立学校，以及由国家控制或由国家特许经营或注资的“私营”企业。
 
-### Education {#education .subheading}
-
 ### 教育领域
 
-The most important policy concerns education, since that shapes the
-future of the country:
-
 教育领域的政策非常重要，因为会影响国家的未来
 
--   **Teach only free software**\
-     Educational activities, or at least those of state entities, must
-    teach only free software (thus, they should never lead students to
-    use a nonfree program), and should teach the civic reasons for
-    insisting on free software. To teach a nonfree program is to teach
-    dependence, which is contrary to the mission of the school.
-
 - **只能教授自由软件**
 
   教育活动或者至少这些国立教育实体，必须只教授自由软件（因此，他们决不能引导学生使用非自由程序），并教育学生坚持使用自由软件背后的公民原因。教授非自由程序就是在教授依赖性，这与学校的使命是相悖的。
 
-### The State and the Public {#the-state-and-the-public .subheading}
-
 ### 国家与公众
 
-Also crucial are state policies that influence what software individuals
-and organizations use:
-
-这些政策对个人与组织使用软件有巨大影响：
-
--   **Never require nonfree programs**\
-     Laws and public sector practices must be changed so that they never
-    require or pressure individuals or organizations to use a
-    nonfree program. They should also discourage communication and
-    publication practices that imply such consequences (including
-    Digital Restrictions Management[(2)](#FOOT2)).
+这些政策对个人与组织使用软件的影响也很巨大：
 
 - **永远不要求非自由程序**
 
   法律和公共部门实践活动必须改革永远不能要求或施压给个人或组织使用非自由程序。他们还必须不能在通信或出版行业引入类似的规定（包括数字限制管理 Digital Restrictions Management[^2]）。
-
--   **Distribute only free software**\
-     Whenever a state entity distributes software to the public,
-    including programs included in or specified by its web pages, it
-    must be distributed as free software, and must be capable of running
-    on a platform containing exclusively free software.
-
 - **只散播自由软件**
 
   国家实体无论在什么时候将软件公开散播，包括网页中包含或附带的程序，必须作为自由软件散播，且必须与只运行自由软件的平台兼容。
 
--   **State web sites**\
-     State entity web sites and network services must be designed so
-    that users can use them, without disadvantage, by means of free
-    software exclusively.
-
 - **政府网站**
 
   政府实体的网站和网络服务必须设计成用户能够只用自由软件使用，（相对专有软件——译者注）没有劣势。
 
--   **Free formats and protocols**\
-     State entities must use only file formats and communication
-    protocols that are well supported by free software, preferably with
-    published specifications. (We do not state this in terms of
-    “standards” because it should apply to nonstandardized interfaces as
-    well as standardized ones.) For example, they must not distribute
-    audio or video recordings in formats that require Flash or nonfree
-    codecs, and public libraries must not distribute works with Digital
-    Restrictions Management.
-
 - **自由的格式和协议**
 
   国家实体必须只使用自由软件广泛支持的文件格式和通信协议，特别是已经公开的规格（我们并不说“标准”，因为它应该适用于标准和非标准的接口）。例如，他们必须不能散播使用 Flash 或者非自由解码器播放的音频或视频文件，对外公布的库必须不能包含数字限制管理。
 
--   **Untie computers from licenses**\
-     Sale of computers must not require purchase of a proprietary
-    software license. The seller should be required by law to offer the
-    purchaser the option of buying the computer without the proprietary
-    software and without paying the license fee. The imposed payment is
-    a secondary wrong, and should not distract us from the essential
-    injustice of proprietary software, the loss of freedom which results
-    from using it. Nonetheless, the abuse of forcing users to pay for it
-    gives certain proprietary software developers an additional unfair
-    advantage, detrimental to users’ freedom. It is proper for the state
-    to prevent this abuse.
-
 - **解除对计算机的限制性许可证**
 
   销售计算机必须不能要求购买一份专有软件许可证。必须通过法律来约束销售方提供给消费者购买计算机时不需要专有软件以及不需要为此付费的选项。强制付费是另一个错误，不能让我们从专有软件的不公中分散注意力，应更关注失去自由而导致的损失。虽然如此，强迫用户为其付费等于是给了特定专有软件开发者一个额外的不平等优势——让他们来决定用户的自由。国家应该防止这种情况发生。
 
-### Computational Sovereignty {#computational-sovereignty .subheading}
-
 ### 国家计算主权
 
-Several policies affect the computational sovereignty of the state.
-State entities must maintain control over their computing, not cede
-control to private hands. These points apply to all computers, including
-smartphones.
-
 很多政策会影响到国家计算主权。国家实体必须维持对它们的计算资源的控制，而不是放弃控制而委之于私人之手。这一点适用于所有计算机，包括智能手机。
 
--   **Migrate to free software**\
-     State entities must migrate to free software, and must not install,
-    or continue using, any nonfree software except under a
-    temporary exception. Only one agency should have the authority to
-    grant these temporary exceptions, and only when shown
-    compelling reasons. This agency’s goal should be to reduce the
-    number of exceptions to zero.
-
 - **迁移到自由软件**
 
   国家实体必须迁移到自由软件，并且不能安装和继续使用非自由软件，除非临时例外。只有一个机构可以有权授予这些临时例外，且需要令人信服的理由。这个机构的目标必须是将这些例外减少到零。
 
--   **Develop free IT solutions**\
-     When a state entity pays for development of a computing solution,
-    the contract must require it be delivered as free software, and that
-    it be designed such that one can both run it and develop it on a
-    100-percent-free environment. All contracts must require this, so
-    that if the developer does not comply with these requirements, the
-    work cannot be paid for.
-
 - **开发自由的 IT 解决方案**
 
   当政府实体需要为开发计算机解决方案付费时，合同必须要求以自由软件形式交付，并且方案必须设计为可以在百分之百自由软件环境中运行和开发。所有合同都需要这条，这样如果开发商一旦不符合需求，作品就不给报酬。
 
--   **Choose computers for free software**\
-     When a state entity buys or leases computers, it must choose among
-    the models that come closest, in their class, to being capable of
-    running without any proprietary software. The state should maintain,
-    for each class of computers, a list of the models authorized based
-    on this criterion. Models available to both the public and the state
-    should be preferred to models available only to the state.
-
 - **为自由软件选配计算机**
 
-  当政府实体购买或租借计算机时，必须在其等级中选择几乎无需专有软件即可运行的型号。政府需要为每个等级的计算机维护一个按此标准认证过的型号的列表。对于公开型号和政府型号，应该选择只对政府开放的型号。
-
--   **Negotiate with manufacturers**\
-     The state should negotiate actively with manufacturers to bring
-    about the availability in the market (to the state and the public)
-    of suitable hardware products, in all pertinent product areas, that
-    require no proprietary software.
+  当政府实体购买或租借计算机时，必须在其等级中选择几乎无需专有软件即可运行的型号。政府需要为每个等级的计算机维护一个按此标准授过权的型号的列表。对于公开型号和政府型号，应该选择只对政府开放的型号。
 
 - **与厂商协商**
 
   国家必须经常与厂商协商市场（对外销售或和政府）上适合的硬件产品，在所有相关产品领域，都不能需要专有软件。
 
--   **Unite with other states**\
-     The state should invite other states to negotiate collectively with
-     manufacturers about suitable hardware products. Together they will
-     have more clout.
-
 - **与其他国家联合**
 
   本国需邀请其他国家来和厂商一同协商适合的硬件产品。联合它们获得更多影响力。
 
-### Computational Sovereignty II {#computational-sovereignty-ii .subheading}
-
 ### 国家计算主权之二
 
-The computational sovereignty (and security) of the state includes
-control over the computers that do the state’s work. This requires
-avoiding Service as a Software Substitute,[(3)](#FOOT3) unless the
-service is run by a state agency under the same branch of government, as
-well as other practices that diminish the state control over its
-computing. Therefore,
-
 国家计算主权（和安全）包括控制计算机做国家的事情。这需要避免“替代软件的服务”（Service as a Software Substitute）[^3]——除非这类服务是运行在国家机关的同一分支机构，以及其他降低国家对计算资源控制的实用形式。因此：
 
--   **State must control its computers**\
-     Every computer that the state uses must belong to or be leased by
-    the same branch of government that uses it, and that branch must not
-    cede to outsiders the right to decide who has physical access to the
-    computer, who can do maintenance (hardware or software) on it, or
-    what software should be installed in it. If the computer is not
-    portable, then while in use it must be in a physical space of which
-    the state is the occupant (either as owner or as tenant).
-
 - **国家必须控制其计算机**
 
-  每一台国家使用的计算机必须从属于或租借自政府的同一个分支机构，而这个政府分支机构必须不能把谁有权物理访问计算机，谁能维护（软件和硬件），或者能够安装什么软件的权力放弃给外人。如果计算机不可移动，那么计算机所在的物理空间必须是国家所有（无论是所有者或者承租人）。
-
-### Influence Development {#influence-development .subheading}
+  每一台国家使用的计算机必须从属于政府的同一个要使用它们的分支机构或由此机构租借，而这个政府分支机构必须不能把谁有权物理访问计算机，谁能维护（软件和硬件），或者能够安装什么软件的权力放弃给外人。如果计算机不可移动，那么计算机所在的物理空间必须是国家所有（无论是所有者或者承租人）。
 
 ### 对开发的影响
 
-State policy affects free and nonfree software development:
-
 国家政策会影响自由和非自由软件的开发：
 
--   **Encourage free**\
-     The state should encourage developers to create or enhance free
-    software and make it available to the public, e.g. by tax breaks and
-    other financial incentive. Contrariwise, no such incentives should
-    be granted for development, distribution or use of nonfree software.
-
 - **鼓励自由**
 
   国家需要鼓励开发者创立或完善自由软件并将其公开，比如通过减税或其他财政补贴的方式。相反，对非自由软件的开发者则没有此类财政补贴。
 
--   **Don’t encourage nonfree**\
-     In particular, proprietary software developers should not be able
-    to “donate” copies to schools and claim a tax write-off for the
-    nominal value of the software. Proprietary software is not
-    legitimate in a school.
-
 - **不要鼓励非自由**
 
-  特别的，专有软件开发者不应该“捐献”软件副本给学校并减少税务的义务。专有软件在学校是不合法的。
-
-### E-Waste {#e-waste .subheading}
+  特别的，专有软件开发者不应该“捐献”软件副本给学校并由软件的名义价值得以减税。专有软件在学校是不合法的。
 
 ### 电子垃圾
 
-Freedom should not imply e-waste:
-
-自由并不意味着产生更多电子垃圾：
-
--   **Replaceable software**\
-     Many modern computers are designed to make it impossible to replace
-    their preloaded software with free software. Thus, the only way to
-    free them is to junk them. This practice is harmful to society.
-
-    Therefore, it should be illegal, or at least substantially
-    discouraged through heavy taxation, to sell, import or distribute in
-    quantity a new computer (that is, not second-hand) or computer-based
-    product for which secrecy about hardware interfaces or intentional
-    restrictions prevent users from developing, installing and using
-    replacements for any and all of the installed software that the
-    manufacturer could upgrade. This would apply, in particular, to any
-    device on which “jailbreaking” is needed to install a different
-    operating system, or in which the interfaces for some peripherals
-    are secret.
+自由不应意味着产生更多电子垃圾：
 
 - **可替代性软件**
 
   很多现在计算机设计为无法用自由软件替代其预装的软件。因此唯一解放它们的方式就是丢掉，而这对社会不利。
 
-  因此，大量销售、进口或分发硬件接口保密或有意设限，因而阻碍用户开发、安装或使用任何其内可由制造方升级的预装软件的替代品的新（即，非二手）计算机或基于计算机的产品应该是非法的，或者至少课以重税来劝退。这特别适用于任何需要“越狱”方可在其上安装不同操作系统的设备，或包含接口保密的外设的设备。
-
-### Technological Neutrality {#technological-neutrality .subheading}
+  因此，大量销售、进口或分发硬件接口保密或有意设限，因而阻碍用户开发、安装或使用任何可取代其内可由制造方升级的预装软件的替代品的新（即，非二手）计算机或基于计算机的产品应该是非法的，或者至少课以重税来劝退。这特别适用于任何需要“越狱”方可在其上安装不同操作系统的设备，或包含接口保密的外设的设备。
 
 ### 技术中立
 
-With the measures in this article, the state can recover control over
-its computing, and lead the country’s citizens, businesses and
-organizations towards control over their computing. However, some object
-on the grounds that this would violate the “principle” of technological
-neutrality.
-
-通过本文中中给出的措施，政府可以恢复对计算机的控制，并引导国家公民、商业和组织控制自己的计算机。然而，很多反对意见认为这会违反技术中立的“原则”。
-
-The idea of technological neutrality is that the state should not impose
-arbitrary preferences on technical choices. Whether that is a valid
-principle is disputable, but it is limited in any case to issues that
-are merely technical. The measures advocated here address issues of
-ethical, social and political importance, so they are outside the scope
-of *technological* neutrality.[(4)](#FOOT4) Only those who wish to
-subjugate a country would suggest that its government be “neutral” about
-its sovereignty or its citizens’ freedom.
+通过本文中给出的措施，政府可以恢复对其计算过程的控制，并引导国家公民、商业和组织控制自己的计算过程。然而，很多反对意见认为这会违反技术中立的“原则”。
 
 技术中立是指国家不应该在技术选型时强加干涉。无论这是不是有效的原则或是争议，这仅仅只涉及到技术问题。而这里提出来的措施解决的是道义、社会和政治问题，因此超出了*技术*中立的范畴[^4]。除非他们觉得其政府需要在主权和公民自由上保持“中立”。
 
 ### [(1)](#DOCF1)
 
-@raggedright See @pageref{Definition} for the full definition of free
-software. @end raggedright
-
 [^1]: 参见《自由软件定义》一文了解自由软件的定义
 
 ### [(2)](#DOCF2)
 
-@raggedright See both our anti-DRM campaigns page, at
-[http://defectivebydesign.org/\
-what\_is\_drm](http://defectivebydesign.org/%3Cbr%3Ewhat_is_drm), and
-@pageref{DRM} for more on this issue. @end raggedright
-
 [^2]: 参见反 DRM 活动网站[http://defectivebydesign.org/what\_is\_drm](http://defectivebydesign.org/%3Cbr%3Ewhat_is_drm)以及《DRM》一文了解相关问题。
 
 ### [(3)](#DOCF3)
 
-@raggedright See “Who Does That Server Really Serve?” (@pageref{Server})
-for more on SaaSS. @end raggedright
-
 [^3]: 参见《服务器》一文的“服务器真正为谁服务？”相关章节，了解 SaaSS。
 
 ### [(4)](#DOCF4)
 
-@raggedright See my article “Technological Neutrality and Free
-Software,” at [http://www.\
-gnu.org/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html](http://www.%3Cbr%3Egnu.org/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html),
-for more on this issue. @end raggedright
-
 [^4]: 参见我的文章“Technological Neutrality and Free Software” [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html](http://www.%3Cbr%3Egnu.org/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html)
diff --git a/docs/initial-announcement.md b/docs/initial-announcement.md
index d16cea1..7fb94eb 100644
--- a/docs/initial-announcement.md
+++ b/docs/initial-announcement.md
@@ -1,19 +1,8 @@
-1. The Initial Announcement of the GNU Operating System {#the-initial-announcement-of-the-gnuoperatingsystem .chapter}
-=======================================================
-
 1. GNU 操作系统的初始公告
 ========
 
-This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by Richard
-Stallman on 27 September 1983.
-
 这是 GNU 工程的原始通告，由理查德·斯托曼（Richard Stallman）于 1983 年 9 月 27 日发表。
 
-The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from this
-initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until January 1984.
-Several of the philosophical concepts of free software were not
-clarified until a few years later.
-
 纵观历史，可以发现 GNU 工程在很多地方都与这份初始通告有很多差异。比如实际是拖延到了 1984 年 1 月才开始。而自由软件的很多哲学理念也是数年之后才得以厘清。
 
 
@@ -25,44 +14,15 @@ From mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
  Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
  Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
 
-Free Unix!
-
 自由的 Unix！
 
-Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
-Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu’s Not Unix), and
-give it away free[(1)](#FOOT1) to everyone who can use it. Contributions
-of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.
-
 今年的感恩节我要去写一个完整的类 UNIX 软件系统，命名为 GNU （Gnu's Not Unix），并以
 自由[^1]的方式开放给所有人使用。非常欢迎大家贡献时间、金钱、程序和设备来参与其中。
 
-To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
-write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker, assembler,
-and a few other things. After this we will add a text formatter, a YACC,
-an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other things. We hope to
-supply, eventually, everything useful that normally comes with a Unix
-system, and anything else useful, including on-line and hardcopy
-documentation.
-
 首先，GNU 将是一个内核加上编写和运行 C 程序所需的所有工具：编辑器，外壳，C 语言编译器，链
 接器，汇编器，以及一些其他的东西。在此之后，我们将添加一个文本排版工具，一个 YACC，一个
-帝国的游戏，电子表格，以及数百种其他的东西。我们希望最终可以提供一个与普通 UNIX 系统
-一样有用的，并包括一份在线的和印刷版的文档。
-
-@firstcopyingnotice{{@footnoterule Copyright © 1983 Richard Stallman\
- {This announcement is part of @fsfsthreecite}
-
-GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
-Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
-experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to have
-longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
-filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
-eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp
-programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and Lisp
-will be available as system programming languages. We will have network
-software based on MIT’s chaosnet protocol, far superior to UUCP. We may
-also have something compatible with UUCP.
+帝国的游戏，电子表格，以及数百种其他的东西。我们希望最终可以提供一切一般和 UNIX 系统
+一起出现的有用的东西，并包括一份在线的和印刷版的文档。
 
 GNU 可以运行 UNIX 程序，但不会与 UNIX 完全相同。我们会基于在其他系统上的经验完善之
 以使其更舒适。特别的，我们计划使用更长的文件名，文件版本号，抗崩溃的文件系统，可能还有
@@ -70,56 +30,25 @@ GNU 可以运行 UNIX 程序，但不会与 UNIX 完全相同。我们会基于�
 Unix 程序都可以共享同一个屏幕。C 语言和 Lisp 都可以作为系统编程语言。还会有基于 MIT 的
 chaosnet 协议的网络软件，会远远优于 UUCP。我们还会有某些东西来兼容 UUCP。
 
-Who Am I?
-
 我是谁？
 
-I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
-editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
-extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
-Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system. I
-pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In addition I
-have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
-Lisp machines.
-
 我是理查德·斯托曼，备受模仿的原版 EMACS 编辑器的发明者，现在供职于 MIT（麻省理工大学）的
 人工智能实验室。我广泛从事过编辑器、编译器、调试器、命令解释器、不兼容分时系统、
 Lisp 机器操作系统。我率先在终端独立显示支持ITS。此外我还实现了一个坚固的文件系统和两个
 Lisp 机器的窗口系统。
 
-Why I Must Write GNU
-
 我为什么必须写 GNU
 
-I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must
-share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good conscience sign
-a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement.
-
 我信奉的一条金科玉律就是如果我喜欢一个程序，那么我必须与其他人一起分享。我不能凭良心签
 署保密协议或软件许可协议。
 
-So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
-I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so
-that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
-
 因此我不能继续使用那些破坏我原则的电脑，因此我决定将所有自由软件组合在一起，这样我就
 可以不使用任何不自由的软件了。
 
-How You Can Contribute
-
 如何贡献其中
 
-I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
-I’m asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
-
 我正在向计算机厂商索要捐献一些机器和金钱。还向一些个体索要程序和作品。
 
-One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But
-we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate machines
-is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had better be
-able to operate in a residential area, and not require sophisticated
-cooling or power.
-
 其中一家厂商已经提供了我一台机器。但我们可以用更多。如果你能捐助更多机器，那么 GNU
 将会更早地在上面运行。机器最好能够在一个住宅区内进行操作，并且不需要复杂的冷却或供电。
 
@@ -132,23 +61,15 @@ interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
 contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work with the
 rest of GNU.
 
-独立程序员可以写一些 Unix 组件并将其贡献给我。对大多数项目而言，如此大规模的分布式项
+独立程序员可以写一些 Unix 工具的兼容复制品并将其贡献给我。对大多数项目而言，如此大规模的分布式项
 目通过兼职很难协作，独立完成的部分可能很难组合在一起。然而对替换 Unix 的任务而言，
 这个问题并不存在。大多数接口规格已经通过 Unix 兼容固定下来了。如果每个贡献者的作品都可
 以和 Unix 的剩余部分工作在一起，那么多半一样可以和 GNU 的剩余部分一起工作。
 
-If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
-part time. The salary won’t be high, but I’m looking for people for whom
-knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view this
-as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
-working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
-
 如果我获得了捐助的金钱，我可能需要聘用一些人全职或者兼职工作。薪水可能不高，但是我希望
 能找到这样的人，对他们而言认识到自己工作是帮助人类和赚钱一样重要。我将其看作一种让有
 献身精神的人们无需按它法谋生，而将他们的全部精力投入到 GNU 的工作上的途径。
 
-For more information, contact me.
-
 联系我以获取更多资讯。
 
 Arpanet 邮件：
@@ -166,11 +87,5 @@ Usenet：
 
 ### [(1)](#DOCF1)
 
-@raggedright The wording here was careless. The intention was that
-nobody would have to pay for *permission* to use the GNU system. But the
-words don’t make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
-that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no charge.
-That was never the intent. @end raggedright
-
 [^1]:这里用词没有注意，初衷是想说没有人需要为使用 GNU 系统而索要*授权*。然而这个词没有说的很清晰，结果人们经常以为获取 GNU 的副本需要很少或者免费。而这从来都是不是目的。
 
diff --git a/docs/selling.md b/docs/selling.md
index a4a1622..b840578 100644
--- a/docs/selling.md
+++ b/docs/selling.md
@@ -1,237 +1,82 @@
-1. Selling Free Software {#selling-free-software .chapter}
-========================
-
 1. 售卖自由软件
 ==============
 
-Many people believe that the spirit of the GNU Project is that you
-should not charge money for distributing copies of software, or that you
-should charge as little as possible—just enough to cover the cost. This
-is a misunderstanding.
-
-很多人认为 GNU 工程的精神就是不该对软件发行的副本收费，或者应只收取很少的钱——只要是成本价即可。
-
-Actually, we encourage people who redistribute free
-software[(1)](#FOOT1) to charge as much as they wish or can. If a
-license does not permit users to make copies and sell them, it is a
-nonfree license. If this seems surprising to you, please read on.
-
-事实上，我们鼓励重新发布自由软件[^1]的人尽可能多的收取他们想要的费用。如果这让你感到惊讶，请继续往下读。
-
-The word “free” has two legitimate general meanings; it can refer either
-to freedom or to price. When we speak of “free software”, we’re talking
-about freedom, not price. (Think of “free speech”, not “free beer”.)
-Specifically, it means that a user is free to run the program, change
-the program, and redistribute the program with or without changes.
+很多人认为 GNU 工程的精神就是不该对软件发行的副本收费，或者应只收取很少的钱——只要是成本价即可。这是一种误解。
 
-“free”这个词有两种合理通用的解释，它可以被解释为自由亦或是免费价格。当我们谈到“free software”时，我们所指的是自由，而不是价格。（可以理解为“言论自由”，而不是“免费啤酒”）。明确地讲，自由软件的意思就是任何用户可以自由的运行、修改和重新发布修改过或未修改的程序。
+事实上，我们鼓励重新发布自由软件[^1]的人尽可能多的收取他们想要的费用。如果一个许可不允许用户生成副本并销售它们，它就是个非自由许可。如果这让你感到惊讶，请继续往下读。
 
-Free programs are sometimes distributed gratis, and sometimes for a
-substantial price. Often the same program is available in both ways from
-different places. The program is free regardless of the price, because
-users have freedom in using it.
+“free”这个词有两种合理通用的解释，它可以被解释为自由亦或是免费价格。当我们谈到“free software”时，我们所指的是自由，而不是价格。（可以理解为“言论自由”，而不是“免费啤酒”）。明确地讲，自由软件的意思就是任何用户可以自由的运行、修改和免费或收费地重新发布修改过或未修改的程序。
 
 自由的程序有时是免费发布的，而有时则需要收费。有时同一个程序可以在不同的地方分别以这两种方式发布。无论其价格如何，这种程序都是自由的，因为用户在使用时是自由的。
 
-Nonfree programs[(2)](#FOOT2) are usually sold for a high price, but
-sometimes a store will give you a copy at no charge. That doesn’t make
-it free software, though. Price or no price, the program is nonfree
-because its users are denied freedom.
-
-非自由程序[^2]通常以高价出售，但有时销售商会赠送你一份免费副本。尽管如此，也不能称之为自由软件。无论收费与否，这个程序都是不自由的，因为用户没有自由。
-
-@firstcopyingnotice{{@footnoterule @smallskip For some views on the
-ideas of selling exceptions to free software licenses, such as the GNU
-GPL, see @pageref{Exceptions}. @medskip @footnoterule @smallskip
-Copyright © 1996–1998, 2001, 2007, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\
- {This essay was originally published on <http://gnu.org>, in 1996. This
-version is part of @fsfsthreecite}
-
-Since free software is not a matter of price, a low price doesn’t make
-the software free, or even closer to free. So if you are redistributing
-copies of free software, you might as well charge a substantial fee and
-*make some money.* Redistributing free software is a good and legitimate
-activity; if you do it, you might as well make a profit from it.
-
-自由软件无关价格，所以低价并不意味着更多自由，或者更加接近自由。因此如果你重新发布自由软件的副本，你也可以收取基本的费用来**获得收益**。重新发布自由软件是一种很好而且合法的行为；如果你那样做，你同样也可能从中获利。
+非自由程序[^2]通常以高价出售，但有时销售商会赠送你一份免费副本。尽管如此，那也不能使其成为自由软件。无论收费与否，这个程序都是不自由的，因为用户没有自由。
 
-Free software is a community project, and everyone who depends on it
-ought to look for ways to contribute to building the community. For a
-distributor, the way to do this is to give a part of the profit to free
-software development projects or to the Free Software Foundation. This
-way you can advance the world of free software.
+因为自由软件无关价格，所以低价并不意味着更多自由，或者更加接近自由。因此如果你重新发布自由软件的副本，你也可以收取基本的费用来**获得收益**。重新发布自由软件是一种很好而且合法的行为；如果你那样做，你同样也可能从中获利。
 
 自由软件是一项社区工程，每个依赖社区的人都应该尽其可能为社区建设做出贡献。对一个发布者来说，这样做可以使一部分收益流向自由软件开发项目或者自由软件基金会。只有这样才能推动自由软件在世界的发展。
 
-**Distributing free software is an opportunity to raise funds for
-development. Don’t waste it!**
-
 **发布自由软件是筹集资金的一个机会。不要浪费这个机会！**
 
-In order to contribute funds, you need to have some extra. If you charge
-too low a fee, you won’t have anything to spare to support development.
-
 为了捐献金钱，你需要收取一些额外的费用。如果你收费过低，那就不能为支持自由软件发展而储备资金。
 
-### Will a Higher Distribution Price Hurt Some Users? {#will-a-higher-distribution-price-hurt-some-users .subheading}
-
 ### 过高的发行费用会伤害一些用户吗？
 
-People sometimes worry that a high distribution fee will put free
-software out of range for users who don’t have a lot of money. With
-proprietary software, a high price does exactly that—but free software
-is different.
-
 有时人们担心过高的发行费用会使自由软件超出低收入用户的预算。对于专有软件，高昂的费用确实如此——但自由软件与之不同。
 
-The difference is that free software naturally tends to spread around,
-and there are many ways to get it.
-
 不同之处在于自由软件天生就易于传播，可以通过多种方式来获取。
 
-Software hoarders try their damnedest to stop you from running a
-proprietary program without paying the standard price. If this price is
-high, that does make it hard for some users to use the program.
-
-在你没有支付标准价格之前，软件囤积者尽他们的最大努力阻止你使用专有软件。如果这个定价很高，会让一些用户很难使用这个软件。
-
-With free software, users don’t *have* to pay the distribution fee in
-order to use the software. They can copy the program from a friend who
-has a copy, or with the help of a friend who has network access. Or
-several users can join together, split the price of one CD-ROM, then
-each in turn can install the software. A high CD-ROM price is not a
-major obstacle when the software is free.
-
-对于自由软件，用户没有必要为了使用软件而支付发行费用。可以从拥有一份副本的朋友那里复制程序，或者请能上网的朋友下载程序。亦或很多用户可以一起分摊费用买一张 CD－ROM，然后轮流安装软件。当软件自由时，高价的 CD－ROM 就不再是主要障碍。
+在你没有支付标准价格之前，软件囤积者尽他们该死的最大努力阻止你使用专有软件却不按标价付钱。如果这个定价很高，的确会让一些用户很难使用这个软件。
 
-### Will a Higher Distribution Price Discourage Use of Free Software? {#will-a-higher-distribution-price-discourage-use-of-free-software .subheading}
+对于自由软件，用户不*必须*为了使用软件而支付发行费用。可以从拥有一份副本的朋友那里复制程序，或者请能上网的朋友下载程序。或者很多用户可以一起分摊费用买一张 CD－ROM，然后轮流安装软件。当软件自由时，高价的 CD－ROM 就不再是主要障碍。
 
 ### 高昂的发行费用不利于自由软件的使用吗？
 
-Another common concern is for the popularity of free software. People
-think that a high price for distribution would reduce the number of
-users, or that a low price is likely to encourage users.
-
 另一个经常担心的问题是自由软件的传播。人们认为高昂的发行费用会减少用户数量，或者低廉的价格可能会鼓励用户去使用。
 
-This is true for proprietary software—but free software is different.
-With so many ways to get copies, the price of distribution service has
-less effect on popularity.
-
 对于专有软件确实是这样——但是自由软件与之不同。可以通过如此多的方式来获得软件副本，因此发行服务的费用对自由软件的普及影响很小。
 
-In the long run, how many people use free software is determined mainly
-by *how much free software can do,* and how easy it is to use. Many
-users do not make freedom their priority; they may continue to use
-proprietary software if free software can’t do all the jobs they want
-done. Thus, if we want to increase the number of users in the long run,
-we should above all *develop more free software.*
-
-从长远来看，使用自由软件的用户数量主要取决于*自由软件可以做什么*，以及自由软件有多好用。如果自由软件不能做她们要做的所有工作，许多用户将继续使用专有软件。因此，如果我们想从长远上来增加自由软件的用户数量，我们的首要任务是*开发更多的自由软件*。
-
-The most direct way to do this is by writing needed free
-software[(3)](#FOOT3) or manuals[(4)](#FOOT4) yourself. But if you do
-distribution rather than writing, the best way you can help is by
-raising funds for others to write them.
+从长远来看，使用自由软件的用户数量主要取决于*自由软件可以做什么*，以及自由软件有多好用。很多用户并不把自由放在首位；如果自由软件不能做他们要做的所有工作，许多用户将继续使用专有软件。因此，如果我们想从长远上来增加自由软件的用户数量，我们的首要任务是*开发更多的自由软件*。
 
-最直接的方式就是写一些自己需要的自由软件[^3]或手册[^4]。不过如果你是发行方而不是编写软件，你提供帮助的最好方式就是提供资金给其他人来写自由软件和手册。
-
-### The Term “Selling Software” Can Be Confusing Too {#the-term-selling-software-can-be-confusing-too .subheading}
+最直接的方式就是自己写一些需要的自由软件[^3]或手册[^4]。不过如果你是发行方而不是编写软件，你提供帮助的最好方式就是提供资金给其他人来写自由软件和手册。
 
 ### “售卖软件”这个说法也很迷惑
 
-Strictly speaking, “selling” means trading goods for money. Selling a
-copy of a free program is legitimate, and we encourage it.
-
 严格来说，“售卖”是指通过货物交易来获取金钱。销售一份自由软件的副本是合法的，而且我们鼓励这种行为。
 
-However, when people think of “selling software,”[(5)](#FOOT5) they
-usually imagine doing it the way most companies do it: making the
-software proprietary rather than free.
-
 然而，当人们想到“售卖软件”时[^5]，他们通常想象成大多数公司的做法：使软件专有化，而不是自由。
 
-So unless you’re going to draw distinctions carefully, the way this
-article does, we suggest it is better to avoid using the term “selling
-software” and choose some other wording instead. For example, you could
-say “distributing free software for a fee”—that is unambiguous.
-
-因此，除非你打算仔细分析甄别，正如这篇文章所言，我们建议最好避免使用“售卖软件”这个说法，而选用其他说法来代替。例如，你可以说“自由软件发行费用”——这样就不会有歧义了。
-
-### High or Low Fees, and the GNU GPL {#high-or-low-fees-and-the-gnu-gpl .subheading}
+因此，除非你打算仔细分析甄别，正如这篇文章所言，我们建议最好避免使用“售卖软件”这个说法，而选用其他说法来代替。例如，你可以说“为发行自由软件收费”——这样就不会有歧义了。
 
 ### 收费的高低与 GNU GPL
 
-Except for one special situation, the GNU General Public License (GNU
-GPL) has no requirements about how much you can charge for distributing
-a copy of free software. You can charge nothing, a penny, a dollar, or a
-billion dollars. It’s up to you, and the marketplace, so don’t complain
-to us if nobody wants to pay a billion dollars for a copy.
-
-除非一种特殊情况，GNU 通用公共许可证（GNU GPL）对于你发布自由软件时收取多少费用并没有要求。你可以免费，一美分，一美元，或者十亿美元。这完全取决于你和市场，所以如果没有人愿意花十亿美元买你的软件请不要向我们抱怨。
-
-The one exception is in the case where binaries are distributed without
-the corresponding complete source code. Those who do this are required
-by the GNU GPL to provide source code on subsequent request. Without a
-limit on the fee[(6)](#FOOT6) for the source code, they would be able
-set a fee too large for anyone to pay—such as a billion dollars—and thus
-pretend to release source code while in truth concealing it. So in this
-case we have to limit the fee for source in order to ensure the user’s
-freedom. In ordinary situations, however, there is no such justification
-for limiting distribution fees, so we do not limit them.
-
-唯一例外的情况是只发布二进制而没有相应完整的源代码。这样做的人，GNU GPL 会要求其为后期需求提供源代码。对于源代码没有价格上的限制[^6]，他们可以确定一个没有人能支付得起的庞大数目——比如十亿美元——并且假装发布源代码，但本质是在隐藏源代码。因此，在这种情况下我们必须限制源码价格，以确保用户的自由。一般情况下，我们没有理由限制发行费用，所以我们不限制他们。
-
-Sometimes companies whose activities cross the line stated in the GNU
-GPL plead for permission, saying that they “won’t charge money for the
-GNU software” or such like. That won’t get them anywhere with us. Free
-software is about freedom, and enforcing the GPL is defending freedom.
-When we defend users’ freedom, we are not distracted by side issues such
-as how much of a distribution fee is charged. Freedom is the issue, the
-whole issue, and the only issue.
+除非一种特殊情况，GNU 通用公共许可证（GNU GPL）对于你发布自由软件的副本时收取多少费用并没有要求。你可以免费，一美分，一美元，或者十亿美元。这完全取决于你和市场，所以如果没有人愿意花十亿美元买你的软件请不要向我们抱怨。
+
+唯一例外的情况是只发布二进制而没有相应完整的源代码。这样做的人，GNU GPL 会要求其为后期需求提供源代码。如果对于源代码没有价格上的限制[^6]，他们可以确定一个没有人能支付得起的庞大数目——比如十亿美元——并且假装发布源代码，但本质是在隐藏源代码。因此，在这种情况下我们必须限制源码价格，以确保用户的自由。一般情况下，我们没有理由限制发行费用，所以我们不限制他们。
 
 有时公司的活动超出了GNU GPL所许可的范围，他们辩解说“没有对 GNU 软件收费”或者其他类似的理由。无论怎么样，他们都没有因此得逞。自由软件是关于自由的，并且遵循 GPL 就是捍卫自由。当我们维护用户自由时，我们没有因为思考需要收取多少发布费用而心烦意乱。自由才是问题所在，是全部的问题，也是唯一的问题。
 
 
 ### [(1)](#DOCF1)
 
-@raggedright See @pageref{Definition} for the full definition of free
-software. @end raggedright
-
 [^1]: 参见[《自由软件定义》](free-sw.html)一文
 
 ### [(2)](#DOCF2)
 
-@raggedright Also known as “proprietary software.” See @pageref{Category
-Proprietary Software} for more on this category of software. @end
-raggedright
-
 [^2]: 也称为“专有软件”，参见《软件的分类》一文
 
 ### [(3)](#DOCF3)
 
-@raggedright See the Savannah Task List, at
-<http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist>. @end raggedright
-
 [^3]: 参见 Savannah 任务列表 <http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist>
 
 ### [(4)](#DOCF4)
 
-@raggedright See <http://gnu.org/doc/doc.html>. @end raggedright
-
 [^4]: 参见 <http://gnu.org/doc/doc.html> 
 
 ### [(5)](#DOCF5)
 
-@raggedright See @pageref{Sell Software} for more on how the expression
-“sell software” is ambiguous. @end raggedright
-
 [^5]: 参考《售卖软件》一文了解为何“售卖软件”这个说法有歧义
 
 ### [(6)](#DOCF6)
 
-@raggedright See section 6 of the GNU GPL (@pageref{GPL S6}). @end
-raggedright
-
 [^6]: 参见《GNU GPL》一文的第六段